Footnotes
- See, for instance, Ratnam K.J. Communalism and the Political Process Kuala Lumpur 1965 C.H. Enloe, Multi-Ethnic Politics: The Case of Malaysia, Ph.D. Thesis (Berkeley, 1970); J. Nagata, Malaysian Mosaic, (Vancouver, 1980).
- 11.7.81 . Business Times (BT) Kuala Lumpur
- Hugh Low, British Resident of Perak in 1878 (CO 809/18)
- Annual Report, Mines Department
- 12.9.1905 . Letter by Secretary of State to the Governor of the Straits Settlements dated
- 1894 . Annual Report, Selangor 400 – 400 .
- See, Li Dun J. British Malaya New York 1955 38 38
- Short , A. 1974 . The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–60 427 – 427 . London
- For information on strikes occurring during this period up to 1948, see Yeo K.W. The Communist Challenge in the Malayan Labour Scene, September 1936–March 1937 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JMBRAS 1976 49 Part II and M.R. Stenson, Industrial Conflict in Malaya (Kuala Lumpur, 1977).
- See for example, Despatch No. 397 from Straits Settlements to Secretary of State, 24 September 1887, “I am also anxious for political reasons that the great preponderance of the Chinese over any other races in these settlements, and to a less marked degree in some of the native states under our administration, should be counter-balanced as much as possible by the influx of Indian and other nationalities”.
- Roff , W.R. 1974 . The Origins of Malay Nationalism 208 – 208 . Kuala Lumpur
- Short , A. 1974 . The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–60 19 – 19 . London
- Short , A. 1974 . The Communist Insurrection in Malaya 1948–60 427 – 427 . London Ch.3
- Short , A. 141 – 142 .
- Malaysia , Radio . 31.7.1981 . News Bulletin ,
- Stenson , M. 1977 . Industrial Conflict in Malaya 234 – 234 . Kuala Lumpur
- 1963 . Malaysia Official Year Book
- 1963 . Malaysia Official Year Book
- Commissioner for Labour, Singapore, Review of Labour Situation 1949 January
- Arudsothy , P. 1968 . The Labour Force in a Dual Economy , University of Glasgow . Ph.D. Thesis
- Arudsothy , P. 1968 . The Labour Force in a Dual Economy , 315 – 315 . University of Glasgow . Ph.D. Thesis
- Stenson , M. 1977 . Industrial Conflict in Malaya 176 – 176 . Kuala Lumpur
- The government's own estimation of the capital outflow for 1976 –78was $2.45 billion (Malaysian ringgit), FEER 13.4.1979
- See Hoffmann L. Tan S.E. Industrial Growth, Employment, and Foreign Investment in Peninsular Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 1980 55 55
- Snodgrass , D.R. 1974 . The Fiscal System as an Income Redistributer in West Malaysia . Public Finance , : 58 – 58 .
- Urban mean income is approximately 2.2 times that of rural mean income calculated according to figures given in the Mid-Term Review of the Third Malaysia Plan (1976–80)
- Sha'ari , I. and Zain , R. Mat . Agihan Pendapatan di Kalangan Orang Melayu di Semenanjung Malaysia — Satu penilaian . Paper presented to the Bumiputra Economic Convention at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia . Bangi. shows that after 1970 (when the implementation of special rights was speeded up) the Gini Index of concentration for the Malay community showed a more unequal distribution of income relative to the rest of the Malaysian population (Kuala Lumpur, 1978).
- Reported in BT 18.1.1980 24 24
- The powerful Aimed Forces Fund (Tebung Angkatan Tentera) together with Felda (Federal Land Development Authority) controls 55 per cent of Boustead Holdings another of Malaysia's largest plantation conglomerates, BT 24.7.1978 6 6
- 23.1.81 . FEER , : 52 – 52 .
- See Annual Report, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) various years
- Developments related to the passing of the ICA and the PDAA are collated from FEER 7.4.78 1.10.76, 16.6.78, 13.1.78, 29.8.75); NST (10.10.79); BT (29.8.79); and FEER (29.10.76, 12.12.76, 13.4.79, 23.3.79) respectively.
- See details in FEER 100 103 1.8.80z7
- 13.1.78 . FEER , : 44 – 44 .
- Calculated from Census of Manufacturing Industries, Peninsular Malaysia, 1973 Kuala Lumpur 19 19 undated
- Reported in NST 10.10.79
- 10.7.81 . BT , : 1 – 1 .
- See FEER 31.10.80 67 67 68.
- See Thillainathan R. Discriminatory Allocation of Public Expenditure Benefits for Reducing Inter-Racial Inequality in Malaysia — An Evaluation Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs 1979 13 gives an assessment for the failure of two of these projects. Bribery, corruption and wrong estimations of project viability are some of the reasons cited.
- See NST 10.5.80 11 11
- The formula in equity participation for the foreign, Malay and Chinese bourgeoisie respectively are stipulated clearly in the Third Malaysia Plan 161 161
- See BT 8.8.78 6 6
- IBRD . Malaysia Loan 434-MA: Muda Irrigation Scheme Completion Report, No. 795-MA
- See Wong D. Tenure and Land Dealings in the Malay States Singapore 1974
- For the more vivid details, see FEER 4.5.78 26 27 and (23.2.79) p.15; NST (3.9.79 and 30.8.79); and The Star (4.5.79 and 31.1.80). Despite these labour problems MAS made a record profit of M $42.66 million for the year ending 31 March 1979. See also Suara Buruh (newsletter of the Malaysian Trade Union Congress, MTUC), (May, 1979).
- See The Star January 1980 31 28 February, 5 and 6 March also refer to BT, 27 January and 1 March 1980 for details.
- In this area the turnover rate was between 33 per cent to 89 per cent, see NST 25.9.80 and 28.9.80); The Star (26.9.80) and BT (28.8.80) p.20.
- 22.11.1979 . NST ,
- 29.7.81 . NST ,
- Fourth Malaysia Plan 224 – 224 .
- See FEER 24.4.81 for details. The Star (10.4.81) registered the protests of the Bar Council which challenged the Home Minister to a public debate on the amendments.