Regional inequality and regionalism in Vietnam and China

Notes

• In relation to Vietnam, Limqueco and McFarlane raised the issue of regional disparity, commenting that “qualitative planning involves… ironing out regional differences in income and employment opportunities” Limqueco P. McFarlane B. Problems of Economic Planning for Underdeveloped Socialist Countries Journal of Contemporary Asia 1979 9 1 17 17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarlane , Bruce . 1988 . Yugoslavia: Politics, Economics and Society , 34 – 35 . London : Pinter . 201–205
   Google Scholar
• For further information on the gap between Maoist theory and the practice of regional development policy, see Wu Yuan-li The Spatial Economy of Communist China Praeger New York 1967 and Suzanne Paine, “Spatial Aspects of Chinese Development: Outcomes and Policies 1949–79.” Journal of Development Studies, 17:2, January 1981, pp. 132–95.
   Google Scholar
• 1967 . The Counter-Revolutionary Double Dealer Tao Chu , Beijing : FLPH .
   Google Scholar
• Chao-ting , Chi . 1936 . Key Economic Areas in Chinese History London
   Google Scholar
• However, the problem has been written about by one of the present authors, see especially Beresford M. National Unification and Economic Development in Vietnam Macmillan London 1989
   Google Scholar
• Also Werner Jayne The Problem of the District in Vietnam's Development Policy Postwar Vietnam: Dilemmas in Socialist Development Marr David G. White Christine P. Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Ithaca 1989 147 162 in
   Google Scholar
• Beresford , M. 1989 . National Unification and Economic Development in Vietnam , 182 – 182 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , K.A. 1992 . Regional Policy of China 1949–85 , 99 – 101 . Manila : JCA Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , K.A. 1992 . Regional Policy of China 1949–85 , 99 – 101 . Manila : JCA Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Beresford , M. 1989 . National Unification and Economic Development in Vietnam , London : Macmillan . chapter 2.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen . 1992 . Regional Policy of China 1949–85 , 99 – 101 . Manila : JCA Publishers . chapters 1 and 2; “Introduction” Nolan and Fureng, op. cit..
   Google Scholar
• Larsen . 1992 . Regional Policy of China 1949–85 , 99 – 101 . Manila : JCA Publishers . See Table 1 below.
   Google Scholar
• Blecher , M. 1986 . China: Politics, Economics and Society , 150 – 150 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , Dali . 1990 . Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy . China Quarterly , June : 237 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheelwright , E.L. and McFarlane , Bruce . 1970 . The Chinese Road to Socialism , 173 – 173 . New York : Monthly Review Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lyons , Thomas P. 1987 . Economic Integration and Planning in Maoist China , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 195 – 195 . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• See Gabriel Kolko's excellent account in Anatomy of a War Allen & Unwin Sydney 1988
   Google Scholar
• This picture tends to be confirmed by the much more sophisticated statistical analysis of Lyons Thomas P. Interprovincial disparities in China: Output and Consumption 1952–1987 Economic Development and Cultural Change April 1991 39 3 471 506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gang , Tian . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Calculated from Nien Giam Thong Ke Statistical Yearbook 1971 51 51 69, 71, 309.
   Google Scholar
• The last explanation has been suggested, for example, by Delfs Robert Saying No to Peking Far Eastern Economic Review April 1991 21 21 4
   Google Scholar
• Gang , Tian . September 1992 . “ Shanghai's Role in China's Export-Oriented Economy in the 1980s ” . In paper to the National Association of Postgraduate Students September , 28 – 28 . Adelaide
   Google Scholar
• The most well known case is that of Ho Chi Minh City's Food Company which began offering prices to farmers which were competitive with free market prices well before this became legal Financial Times [London] May 1987 11
   Google Scholar
• See the speech by Zemin Jiang Eliminate Unfair Income Distribution Beijing Review 1989 32 19 24
   Google Scholar
• See Lyons Interprovincial disparities in China: Output and Consumption 1952–1987 Economic Development and Cultural Change April 1991 39 3 471 506 also Bruce L. Reynolds, “Trade, Employment and Inequality in Postreform China,” Journal of Comparative Economics, 11, 1987, pp. 479–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 199 – 199 . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Far Eastern Economic Review , April : 24 – 24 . 4
   Google Scholar
• Gang , Tian . September 1992 . “ Shanghai's Role in China's Export-Oriented Economy in the 1980s ” . In paper to the National Association of Postgraduate Students September , 28 – 28 . Adelaide and “The Implication of Economic Reform for Shanghai's Exports 1979–89,” in China: Trade and Reform, Chinese Students' Society for Economic Studies (Australia), National Centre for Development Studies, ANU, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• General Statistical Office . Nien Giam Thong Ke 1977 and Economy & Trade of Vietnam 1986–91 Hanoi
   Google Scholar
• Beresford , M. 1987 . National Unification , 8 ( 4 ) : 73 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Fforde , Adam . 1993 . Vietnam Economic Commentary and Analysis 70 – 70 . no. 4
   Google Scholar
• Fforde , Adam . 1993 . Vietnam Economic Commentary and Analysis 70 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 199 – 199 . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , Hong and Alston , Jon P. Sources of Urban Household Income Inequality in the People's Republic of China (unpublished MS).
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Far Eastern Economic Review , April : 28 – 28 . 4
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 195 – 195 . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• See also Dongsheng Chen op. cit. 261 263
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 196 – 196 . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• Gang , Tian . September 1992 . “ Shanghai's Role ” . In Paper to the National Association of Postgraduate Students September , 20 – 21 . Adelaide
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 209 – 210 . Washington DC See also Far Eastern Economic Review, 4 April 1991, p. 21
   Google Scholar
• Dongsheng , Chen . op. cit. 264 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang . 1990 . Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy . China Quarterly , June : 254 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• See Beresford National Unification Macmillan London 1989 219 221
   Google Scholar
• These figures are all calculated from Fforde A. Paine S.H. The Limits of National Liberation Croom Helm London 1987 and Nien Giam Thong Ke 1971 and 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Readers may refer to an earlier debate concerning the effects of regions achieving increased independence from Beijing fiscal planning. The essential issue may be gleaned from Lardy's critique of Donnithome on trends in the 1950s Lardy N. Economic Growth and Distribution in China Cambridge University Press 1978 36 40
   Google Scholar
• Larsen . 1992 . Regional Policy of China 1949–85 , 188 – 189 . Manila : JCA Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Far Eastern Economic Review , April : 21 – 21 . 4
   Google Scholar
• Tian , Gang . September 1992 . “ Shanghai's Role in China's Export-Oriented Economy in the 1980s ” . In paper to the National Association of Postgraduate Students September , 7 – 11 . Adelaide
   Google Scholar
• 1991 . Far Eastern Economic Review , April : 28 – 28 . 4
   Google Scholar
• Doanh , Le Dang . January 1992 . Deputy Director, Central Institute of Economic Management January , interview in Hanoi, 6
   Google Scholar
• Data for 1976–84 are from Spoor Max State Finance in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Postwar Vietnam: Dilemmas in Socialist Development Marr White Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University Ithaca 1989 125 125 in
   Google Scholar
• Fforde , Adam . 1992 . Vietnam: Commentary and Analysis , Vol. 2 , 40 – 40 . Canberra : Aduki Pty. Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• See Beresford M. “Vietnam: Northernising the South…,” and “The impact of reforms…” Contemporary Southeast Asia 1987 8 4
   Google Scholar
• Japan already supplies 65 per cent of Vietnam's imported capital equipment JETRO White Paper on International Trade Tokyo 1990
   Google Scholar
• See Watson Andrew …on cabbages…
   Google Scholar
• Yang . 1990 . Patterns of China's Regional Development Strategy . China Quarterly , June : 255 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyons , Thomas P. 1987 . Economic Integration… , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism 195 – 195 . Washington DC chapter 8.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank . 1990 . China: Macroeconomic Stability and Industrial Growth under Decentralised Socialism xviii – xviii . Washington DC
   Google Scholar
• 1986 . Far Eastern Economic Review , March : 78 – 78 . 20
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . Far Eastern Economic Review , April : 66 – 66 . 14
   Google Scholar
• Gang , Tian . 1994 . The Role of Shanghai in the Economic Development of China, 1979–92 , Sydney : Macquarie University . PhD thesis chapter 9.
   Google Scholar
• Beresford, National Unification… op.cit.
   Google Scholar
• Fforde , Adam . 1993 . Vietnam Economic Commentary and Analysis 67 – 67 . no. 4
   Google Scholar
• Nolan , Peter . 1984 . “ Discussion ” . In China's Changed Road to Development , Edited by: Maxwell , N. and McFarlane , B. Oxford : Pergamon . in
   Google Scholar
• Two recent books are helpful on this issue Hobsbawm E.J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780 Cambridge University Press 1990 and Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Comell University Press, Ithaca, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Schurmann , Franz . 1966 . Ideology and Organisation in Communist China , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• There were reports in December 1993 of political riots in the provinces as the gap between the industrialised provinces and the hinterland had increased to unbearable levels. According to journalists Alexander G. Beijing Reinforces Central Control in Economic Revamp The Australian January 1994 3
   Google Scholar
• Kalecki , M. 1938 . Die Nationalen Productivkraefte un der Aussenhandel . The Economic Journal , XLVIII December : 708 – 711 . review of M. Manoilesco
   Google Scholar