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Articles

Legitimacy crisis and legitimation in China

Pages 201-220 | Published online: 14 May 2007

Notes

  • See, for example Dittmer L. The Tiananmen Massacre Problems of Communism September–October 1989 38 5 14 15 Also see Michael D. Swaine, “China Faces the 1990s', Problems of Communism, ibid, pp. 20–35.
  • Pye , Lucian . 1990 . China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society . Foreign Affairs , 69 ( 4 ) Fall
  • Oksenberg , Michael . 1991 . The China Problem . Foreign Affairs , 70 ( 3 ) : 2 – 16 . Summer
  • Kristof , Nicholas D. 1993 . The Riddle of China: Repression as Standard of Living Soars . The New York Times , Septmeber : A1 – A1 . 7, and p. A6
  • Nathan , Andrew . 1993 . China's Path from Communism . Journal of Democracy , 4 ( 2 ) April : 30 – 30 .
  • Nathan , Andrew . 1993 . China's Path from Communism . Journal of Democracy , 4 ( 2 ) April : 30 – 30 .
  • These sentiments were expressed by two well-known Chinese dissidents Binyan Liu Tong Shen Tuananmen and the Future of China Current History: The People's Republic of China September 1994 93 584 241 246 See Liu Binyan “Tiananmen and China's Future: The View Five Years Later,” ibid., p. 248.
  • See Yihua Jiang Political Conservatism in the History of Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century Xinhua Wenzhai April 1993 172 66 66 Also see Dingrin Zhao, “The Defensive Regimes and Modernization,” The Journal of Contemporary China, No. 7 (Fall 1994), pp. 28–46.
  • For example, See Nathan Andrew China's Path from Communism 30 30
  • See Tilly Charles Does Modernization Breed Revolution? Comparative Politics April 1973 425 447
  • See, for example O'Donnell Guillermo Schmitter Philippe C. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore 1986 Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries (Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner, 1988–1989); Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); and Tatu Vanhanen, ed., Strategies of Democratization (Washington, D.C.: Crane Russak, 1992).
  • Zhong , Yang . 1994 . Does Ideology Matter? A Case Study of Sino-ex-Soviet Republics' Relations . Communist and Post-Communist Studies , 27 ( 4 ) December : 469 – 469 .
  • See Foreign Broadcasting Information Service Daily Report: Central Eurasia December 1993 11 11 21
  • 1968 . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , Vol. 9 , 244 – 244 . New York : Macmillan .
  • 1968 . International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences , Vol. 9 , 244 – 244 . New York : Macmillan .
  • Holmes , Leslie . 1993 . The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis , 10 – 10 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Lipset , S.M. 1958 . Some Social Requisites of Democracy . American Political Science Review , 53 ( 1 ) March : 86 – 86 . R. Merelman, “Learning and Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 1966), pp. 584.
  • This point was well argued in Feher F. Heller A. Markus G. Dictatorship Over Needs Blackwell Oxford 1984 137 137
  • Barker , Rodney . 1990 . Political Legitimacy and the State , 14 – 14 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • See Weber Max The Theory of Social and Economic Organization Free Press Glencoe, IL 1947 328 328
  • See Barker Rodney Political Legitimacy and the State Clarendon Press Oxford 1990 52 52
  • See, for example Huntington Samuel The Third Wave 27 28
  • See, for example Huntington Samuel The Third Wave 46 50
  • Easton , David . 1965 . A Systems Analysis of Political Life , New York : Wiley .
  • 1990 . Vaclav Havel's New Year Address 2 – 2 . Quoted from Uncaptive Minds, Vol. 3 (January–February, 1990),
  • Holmes , Leslie . The End of Communist Power 17 – 18 .
  • Brunner , Georg . 1982 . “ Legitimacy Doctrines and Legitimation Procedures in East European Systems ” . In Political Legitimation in Communist States , Edited by: Rigby , T.H. and Feher , Ferenc . 28 – 28 . New York : St. Martin's Press . in
  • See Arendt Hannah The Origin of Totalitarianism Allen and Unwin London 1951 and Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1956).
  • Horowitz , Irving Louis . 1992 . Revolution Longivity and Legitimacy in Communist States . Studies in Comparative International Development , 27 ( 1 ) : 61 – 75 . Spring
  • Lomax , Bill . 1984 . “ Hungary: The Quest for Legitimacy ” . In Eastern Europe: Political Crisis and Legitimation , Edited by: Lewis , Paul . 68 – 110 . London : Croom Helm . in
  • See Feher Ferenc Paternalism as a Mode of Legitimation in Soviet-type Societies Political Legitimation in Communist States Rigby T.H. Feher Ferenc 64 65 in and p. 72
  • See China Cannot Afford Chaos Lijun Qiao Tianze Chen Chinese Communist Party School Press Beijing, , China 1994 299 299
  • See et al. China's Economic Problems China's Crisis and Reflections Ming Li Tianjin People's Publishing House Tianjin, , China 1989 119 119 in
  • See Shengping Li Mingshu Zhang A Chronicle of Major Events: 1976–1986 Guangming Daily Press Beijing, , China 1988 245 245
  • See Hsin-Chi Kuan New Departures in China's Constitution Studies in Comparative Communism 1984 17 1 66 66 Spring
  • Bums , John P. 1983 . Reforming China's Bureaucracy, 1979–1982 . Asian Survey , 23 ( 6 ) June : 708 – 708 .
  • See Ma Stephen K. Chinese Bureaucracy and Post-Mao Reforms Asian Survey November 1990 30 11 1039 1039
  • Xiaoping , Deng . 1983 . Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping, 1975–1982 , 247 – 247 . Beijing, , China : Foreign Language Press .
  • On the significant improvement in the education background of cadres at all levels, see Harding Harry China's Second Revolution: Reform After Mao The Brookings Institution Washington, D.C. 1987 208 208 and Li Cheng and Lynn White, “The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party,” Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April 1988), p. 379.
  • Baum , Richard . 1986 . Modernization and Legal Reform in Post-Mao China: The Rebirth of Socialist Legality . Studies in Comparative Communism , 19 ( 2 ) : 93 – 93 . Summer
  • Cited from Kenneth Lieberthal Governing China from Revolution Through Reform W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. New York 1995 258 258
  • Cited from Kenneth Lieberthal Governing China from Revolution Through Reform W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. New York 1995 255 257
  • Beetham , David . 1991 . The Legitimation of Power , 29 – 29 . London : Macmillan .
  • See Beetham David 25 25
  • See remarks by Deng Xiaoping during his trip to southern China in early 1992 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping People's Publishing House Beijing 1993 Volume 3 372 372
  • See remarks by Deng Xiaoping during his trip to southern China in early 1992 Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping People's Publishing House Beijing 1993 Volume 3 354 355
  • See Xianzhi Pang Xinhua Wenzhai March 1993 No. 171 3 3
  • See Chinese Communist Party Central Document 1992 No. 2 43 43 carried by the The Ninties, April, 1992
  • See China: the Titan Stirs The Economist November 1992 3 3 28
  • May 1994 . People's Daily , overseas edition May , 2 – 2 . 13
  • Quoted from Mu Lin Yan Jin Is China Really the Third Largest Economic Power? Xinhua Wenzhai 1994 5 4 4
  • See China: The Titan Stirs 4 4
  • See China: The Titan Stirs 4 4
  • See Chinese Communist Party Central Document No. 2 43 43 as carried in The Nineties
  • See Tiananmen and China's Future: The View Five Years After Current History September 1994 93 584 284 284
  • See Heller Agnes Phases of Legitimation in Soviet-type Societies Political Legitimation in Communist States Feher Rigby 45 45 in
  • See Lijun Qiao Tianze Chen China Cannot Afford Chaos 298 299
  • See Lijun Qiao Tianze Chen China Cannot Afford Chaos III V
  • Yihua , Jiang . 1993 . Political Conservatism in the History of Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century . Xinhua Wenzhai , April : 66 – 66 .
  • Yihua , Jiang . 1993 . Political Conservatism in the History of Chinese Political Thought in the Twentieth Century . Xinhua Wenzhai , April : 66 – 66 .
  • May 1994 . People's Daily , Overseas edition May , 2 – 2 . 13
  • As reported by Jianmin Li Lin Chuck China: A Tough Market, U.S. Survey Says Chinese News Digest February 1995 (an electronic news magazine) 19
  • As reported by Jianmin Li Lin Chuck China: A Tough Market, U.S. Survey Says Chinese News Digest February 1995 (an electronic news magazine) 19
  • This sentiment is expressed in many publications One of them is Song Taiqing's zhongguo shidai (China Time) Guizhou People's Publishing House Guizhou, , China 1993
  • See Yong Deng Post-Deng China: Sources of Stability The Journal of Contemporary China 1994 7 79 79 Fall
  • See Tiananmen and China's Future: The View Five Years Later Current History September 1994 93 584 248 248

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