Notes
- October 1994 . Interviews in Hanoi October , and March 1995
- March 1995 . Party Secretary General do Muoi quoted in: Saigon Newsreader March , 6
- June 1994 . Vietnam Investment Review June , 20–26
- October 1994 . Vietnam Investment Review October , 10–16
- October 1994 . Interview in Hanoi October ,
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, General Statistical Office . 1994 . Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1992–1993 20 – 20 . Hanoi 21 Note: The VLSS gives an average urban income of 1,815,000 dong but no figures for rural incomes, except that urban incomes are “almost twice as high as rural incomes.” Interestingly, the reported expenditures do not match the reported income figures which indicates underreporting of actual incomes. Expenditure figures given for urban households are 1,977,800 dong, and 1,440,700 dong for rural households.
- March 1995 . Economist, The: The Call of the City March , 30 – 30 . 4
- 1994 . Vietnam Investment Review 27 June–3 July
- World Bank . January 1995 . Vietnam Poverty Assessment and Strategy , January , 62 – 62 . Country Operations Division . Country Department 1; East Asia and Pacific Region; World Bank, Washington D.C.
- United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) . 1994 . Vietnam: The Situation of Women and Children Hanoi
- Interview with Thoa Nguyen Tien Director of the Price Stabilization Fund, at the Institute for Research on Market and Prices Government Price Department Hanoi 1994 October
- World Bank . 1994 . Vietnam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 28 – 28 . Interview with Dr. Nguyen Tien Thoa, Hanoi, October 1994. Note: According to the Institute's figures, 20% of the surveyed households fell into the “poorest” category with 15 kilograms per rice per capita per month, while 10 per cent were classified as rich with 100 kilograms of rice a month for each family member. Rich farmers consume about 2,100 calories a day which is still slightly below the 2,300 calories recommended by the WHO.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . July 1993 . Land of Hope July , 29, World Bank: Vietnam Transition to the Market; Country Operations Division; Country Department 1; East Asia and Pacific Region; World Bank, Washington D.C., September 1993, p. 182.
- World Bank . 1994 . Vietnam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 110 – 110 . United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF): Vietnam: The Situation of Women and Children; 1994. Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, Living Standard Survey 1992–1993; 1994, p. 23.
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, General Statistical Office . Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1992–1993 17 – 17 . World Bank: Vietnam: Transition to the Market; 1993, p. 160.
- Word Bank . 1993 . Vietnam: Transition to the Market 162 – 162 .
- World Bank . 1994 . Vietnam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy vii – viii . 96
- March 1994 . Vietnam News March , 30
- World Bank . 1994 . Vietnam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 28 – 28 .
- United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) . 1994 . Vietnam: The Situation of Women and Children 69 – 69 .
- October 1994 . Interview in Hanoi October ,
- April 1995 . Bangkok Post April , 5
- February 1995 . Bangkok Post February , 10, Vietnam Economic Times, March 1995, p. 8. Far Eartern Economic Review: Challenges of Growth; December 9, 1993, p. 64. Note: The Review gives an estimate for the volume of smuggling of US $500 million, or one fifth of Vietnam's official imports, but the current figure is probably much higher.
- October 1994 . Bangkok Post October , 23
- October 1994 . Interview in Hanoi October ,
- March 1995 . Bangkok Post March , 19, Vietnam Economic News, No. 36, 7 September 1994. Vietnam News, 17 March 1995.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1995
- Vo Nhan Tri . 1990 . Vietnam Economic Policy Since 1975 , 89 – 89 . Singapore : ISEAS .
- Fforde , Adam and Devylder , Stefan . 1988 . Vietnam — An Economy in Transition , 53 – 53 . Stockholm : SIDA . Murray, Martin: The Development of Capitalism in Indochina (1870–1940); Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980.
- Pilger , John . 1975 . Saigon: The Last Day 22 – 22 . London
- Kolko , Gabriel . 1988 . The Structural Consequences of the Vietnam War and Socialist Economic Transformation . Journal of Contemporary Asia , 18 ( 4 ) : 480 – 480 . Vo Nhan Tri: Vietnam's Economic Policy Since 1975; pp. 40–41.
- Allen , Douglas and Long , Ngo Vinh . 1991 . Coming to Terms — Indochina, the United States and the War , 66 – 66 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press . Kolko, Gabriel: The Structural Consequences of the Vietnam War and Socialist Economic Transformation: 1988, p. 481. Ljunggren, Borje: The Challenge of Reform in Indochina; Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge 1993.
- Tri , Vo Nhan . 1990 . Vietnam's Economic Policy Since 1975 59 – 59 .
- Allen , Douglas and Long , Ngo Vinh . 1991 . Coming to Terms — Indochina, the United States and the War 76 – 76 .
- Marr , David and White , Christine , eds. 1988 . Postwar Vietnam: Dilemma in Socialist Development , 88 – 88 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University .
- Marr , David and White , Christine , eds. 1988 . Postwar Vietnam: Dilemma in Socialist Development , 77 – 78 . Ithaca, NY : Cornell University . Allen, Douglas; Ngo Vinh Long (eds): Coming to Terms — Indochina, the United States and the War; 1991, pp. 76–77. Vo Nhan Tri: Vietnam's Economic Policy Since 1975; 1991, pp. 89–90.
- Tri , Vo Nhan . 1990 . Vietnam Economic Policy Since 1975 79 – 79 .
- Tri , Vo Nhan . 1990 . Vietnam Economic Policy Since 1975 79 – 79 .
- Tri , Vo Nhan . 1990 . Vietnam Economic Policy Since 1975 82 – 91 . 108.
- Ljunggren , Borje . 1993 . The Challenge of Reform in Indochina 66 – 68 . Beresford, Melanie: Revolution in the Countryside: Report of a Visit to Vietnam: October–November 1985; Journal of Contemporary Asia, vol. 16, no. 3 (1986).
- Beresford , Melanie . 1986 . Revolution in the Countryside: Report of a Visit to Vietnam: October–November 1985 . Journal of Contemporary Asia , 16 ( 3 ) : 391 – 432 . Buu, Hoan: Soviet Economic Aid to Vietnam: Contemporary Southeast Asia, March 1991, pp. 360–376. Marr, David and White, Christine (eds): Postwar Vietnam: Dilemma in Socialist Development; 1988, pp. 84–85. Vo Nhan Tri: Vietnam's Economic Policy Since 1975; 1990.
- Data provided by the Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) in Hanoi March 1995 Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Constitution 1992; Hanoi, the Gioi Publishers, 1992. Vietnam Investment Review, 31 October – 6 November 1994.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . March 1994 . Do It Yourself March , 62 – 64 . 31, Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Law on the Promotion of Domestic Investment; unofficial translation, Hanoi, 22 June 1994.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . September 1993 . Wage Revolution September , 92 – 92 . 23
- Far Eastern Economic Review . February 1994 . Testing the Water February , 45 – 45 . 3
- Far Eastern Economic Review . March 1995 . The Way We Were March , 56 – 58 . 2, Bangkok Post, 6 February 1995.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . March 1995 . The Way We Were March , 56 – 58 . 2
- Far Eastern Economic Review . March 1995 . The Way We Were March , 58 – 58 . 2
- February 1995 . Bangkok Post February , 2, World Bank: Vietnam: Transition to the Market; 1993, p. 45.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- March 1995 . Saigon Newsreader March , 6
- March 1995 . Bangkok Post March , 25, Deutsche Bank Research: Viet Nam: Special Study; Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt am Main 1994. Vietnam Investment Review, 20–26 February 1995.
- World Bank . Viet Nam Financial Sector Review: An Agenda for Financial Sector Development Industry and Energy Operations Division, Country Department 1, East Asia and Pacific Region; World Bank, Washington D.C. 1994, p. 36.
- Interview with CIEM in Hanoi March 1995 World Bank: Viet Nam: Transition to the Market; 1993, p. 150.
- March 1995 . Bangkok Post March , 31
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Tran To Tu: Some Ideas and Solutions to Form a Capital Market in Vietnam Today in: Nha Xuat Ban Cong An Nhan Dan: Economic Security and the Vietnamese Market Economy; Ho Chi Minh City 1995, p. 64.
- Tran Trong Tuoc: For Opposing Feasibly to the Waste and Abuse of the Budget in: Nha Xuat Ban Cong An Nhan Dan: Economic Security and the Vietnamese Market Economy; Ho Chi Minh City 1995, p. 26.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Data for 1994 compiled by the Deutsche Bank in Hanoi. Bangkok Post 1995 March 25, Vietnam Investment Review, 20–26 February 1995.
- January 1995 . Bangkok Post January , 25, Far Eastern Economic Review: The Next Great Leap, p. 70. Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, General Statistical Office: Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1992–1993; Hanoi 1994, p. 22. Note: 44% of those surveyed said they keep their savings in gold.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Far Eastern Economic Review . September 1993 . Wage Revolution September , 95 – 95 . 23, Vietnam Courier: 23–29 January 1994.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . September 1993 . Wage Revolution September , 95 – 95 . 23, Interview with the Institute of Sociology in Hanoi, October 1994.
- February 1995 . Vietnam Investment Review February , 20–26
- World Bank . 1994 . Viet Nam: Financial Sector Review: An Agenda for Financial Sector Development 37 – 37 .
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, General Statistical Office . 1994 . Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1992–1993 19 – 20 . Hanoi Note: 67.43% of the respondents said they had one job; 29.64% said they were working two jobs and 2.82% said they had three jobs.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Far Eastern Economic Review . November 1993 . When in Hanoi November , 50 – 50 . 25
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Far Eastern Economic Review . June 1994 . Executive Search June , 17 – 17 . 23
- World Bank . 1993 . Viet Nam: Transition to the Market 65 – 65 .
- World Bank . 1994 . Viet Nam: Financial Sector Review: An Agenda for Financial Sector Development 34 – 34 .
- Far Eastern Economic Review . September 1993 . Off the Job September , 16 – 17 . 2
- Far Eastern Economic Review . May 1993 . Parading for Work May , 60 – 60 . 27, World Bank: Viet Nam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy; 1995, p. 67.
- Dong , Lao . 1993 . June 6, Vietnam Courier, 4–10 September 1994.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- World Bank . 1995 . Viet Nam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 81 – 81 . --: Viet Nam: Transition to the Market; 1993, p. 188.
- World Bank . 1995 . Viet Nam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 83 – 83 .
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- World Bank . 1993 . Viet Nam: Transition to the Market 190 – 190 .
- Far Eastern Economic Review . August 1994 . Vietnam's Learning Curve August , 36 – 37 . 18
- Far Eastern Economic Review . May 1993 . Parading for Work May , 60 – 60 . 27, Vietnam Investment Review: 3–9 October 1994.
- World Bank . 1993 . Viet Nam: Transition to the Market 193 – 193 .
- March 1994 . Vietnam News March , 27
- Nhan Dan quoted in: Vietnam Economic Times 1995 March 23 23
- March 1995 . Bangkok Post March , 31
- United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) . 1994 . Vietnam: The Situation of Women and Children Hanoi
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- March 1995 . Vietnam Economic Times March , 10 – 10 .
- van Kiet , Vo and van Khai , Phan . 1995 . Vietnam: 1994–1995 19 – 20 . Hanoi
- Far Eastern Economic Review . September 1994 . Romance Meets Reality September , 74 – 74 . 22
- Lao Dong quoted in: Vietnam Investment Review 1994 November 14–20
- March 1995 . Bangkok Post March , 25
- Far Eastern Economic Review . July 1993 . Opening a Pandora's Box July , 24 – 25 . 29
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Data provided by the Deutsche Bank in Hanoi March 1995
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam . 1993 . Fundamental Laws and Regulations of Vietnam , 244 – 244 . Hanoi : The Gioi Publishers .
- October 1994 . Interview with Dr. Nguyen Tien Thoa , October , Hanoi : Institute for Price and Market Research .
- Interview with Dr. Nguyen Tien Thoa
- October 1994 . Data provided by the Institute for Price and Market Research and CIEM in Hanoi October , and March 1995
- 1993 . Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Fundamental Laws and Regulations of Vietnam 246 – 246 .
- March 1992 . Hanoi Moi March , 16
- World Bank . 1993 . Viet Nam: Transition to the Market 31 – 31 .
- Far Eastern Economic Review . March 1993 . Chain Lending March , 4
- World Bank . 1995 . Viet Nam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 74 – 74 .
- Far Eastern Economic Review . January 1993 . Fragile Success January , 43 – 43 . 28
- October 1994 . Interview with Dr. Nguyen Tien Thoa, Hanoi October ,
- Information provided by CIEM Dept. of Agriculture, Hanoi 1995 March
- 1994 . “ Socialist Republic of Vietnam: State Planning Committee, General Statistical Office ” . In Vietnam Living Standard Survey 1992–1993 22 – 22 . Hanoi
- World Bank . 1995 . Viet Nam: Poverty Assessment and Strategy 75 – 75 .
- World Bank . 1993 . Viet Nam: Transition to the Market 137 – 137 .
- Information provided by CIEM Dept. of Agriculture Hanoi 1995 March
- January 1995 . Bangkok Post January , 25
- June 1994 . Vietnam Investment Review June , 20–26, Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report 1994–95.
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam . June 1994 . Law on the Promotion of Domestic Investment June , Hanoi unofficial translation, 22
- United Nations Development Programme . 1995 . A Brief Note on the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam , Hanoi : UNDP . Bangkok Post, 9 January 1995.
- Far Eastern Economic Review . April 1993 . The Next Great Leap April , 70 – 70 . 22
- Interview in Hanoi March 1995
- Far Eastern Economic Review . February 1994 . Testing the Water February , 45 – 45 . 3
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Douglas Pike quoted in Borje Ljunggren Beyond Reform: On the Dynamics Between Economic and Political Change in Vietnam Hanoi 1994 18 18 final draft
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Far Eastern Economic Review . 1993 . Corps Business , December : 40 – 40 . 23
- Far Eastern Economic Review . 1993 . Corps Business , December : 41 – 41 . 23, Wischermann, Jorg: Ein Land zwischen Sozialismus und Kapitalismus - Wohin steuert Vietnam? Schriften and Dokumente zur Politik, Wirtschaft und Kultur Vietnams, no. 4, Deutsch-Vietnamesische Gesellschaft, Berlin 1994, p. 24. Hiang Khng and Heng, Russel: Vietnam in 1992: Economic Growth and Political Caution; Southeast Asian Affairs, Singapore, ISEAS, 1988, pp. 353–363.
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Ljunggren , Borie . 1994 . Beyond Reform: On the Dynamics Between Economic and Political Change in Vietnam 42 – 42 .
- Muoi , Do . 1995 . Vietnam-New Challenges and Opportunities , 46 – 47 . Hanoi : The Gioi Publishers .
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam . 1994 . Statistical Yearbook 1993 , 312 – 322 . Hanoi : Statistical Publishing House .
- Vietnam Investment Review . 1994 . October 10–16
- October 1994 . Vietnam Investment Review October , 24–30
- Far Eastern Economic Review . July 1993 . Opening a Pandora's Box July , 24 – 25 . 29
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Eye-witness account by the author Hanoi October 1994
- Ljunggren , Borje . 1994 . Beyond Reform: On the Dynamics Between Economic and Political Change in Vietnam 37 – 37 .
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Wischermann , Jorg . 1994 . Ein Land zwischen Sozialismus und Kapitalismus - Wohin steuert Vietnam? 16 – 16 .
- For an excellent discussion of the relevant political theory see Ljunggren Borje Beyond Reform: On the Dynamics Between Economic and Political Change in Vietnam 1994
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Wischermann , Jorg . 1994 . Ein Land zwischen Sozialismus und Kapitalismus - Wohin steuert Vietnam? 17 – 18 .
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Interview in Hanoi October 1994
- Dien , Tran . 1991 . Ho Chi Minh Hanoi