651
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of companion animals

Pages 262-274 | Accepted 10 Oct 2003, Published online: 22 Feb 2011

References

  • Abreu , MT , Vora , P , Faure , E , Thomas , LS , Arnold , ET and Arditi , M . 2001 . Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against dysregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide . Journal of Immunology , 167 : 1609 – 1616 .
  • Adams , RB , Planchon , SM and Roche , JK . 1993 . IFN-gamma modulation of epithelial barrier function. Time course, reversibility, and site of cytokine binding . Journal of Immunology , 150 : 2356 – 2363 .
  • Akira , S . 2003 . Mammalian Toll-like receptors . Current Opinion in Immunology , 15 : 5 – 11 .
  • Altaf , W , Perveen , S , Rehman , KU , Teichberg , S , Vancurova , I , Harper , RG and Wapnir , RA . 2002 . Zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions: experimental assessment and mechanisms of action . Journal of the American College of Nutrition , 21 : 26 – 32 .
  • Baez , JL , Hendrick , MJ , Walker , LM and Washabau , RJ . 1999 . Radiographic, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic findings in cats with inflammatory bowel disease of the stomach and small intestine: 33 cases (1990–1997) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 215 : 349 – 354 .
  • Bamba , T , Kanauchi , O , Andoh , A and Fujiyama , Y . 2002 . A new prebiotic from germinated barley for nutraceutical treatment of ulcerative colitis . Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , 17 : 818 – 824 .
  • Berger , SA . 1985 . The use of antimicrobial agents for noninfectious diseases . Reviews of Infectious Diseases , 7 : 357 – 367 .
  • Brandtzaeg , P . 2001 . Nature and function of gastrointestinal antigen-presenting cells . Allergy , 56 ( 67 ) : 16 – 20 .
  • Braun , L , Lester , S , Kuzma , AB and Hosie , SC . 1996 . Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog with histological evidence of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study of 23 cases . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 32 : 287 – 290 .
  • Breitschwerdt , EB . 1992 . Immunoproliferative enteropathy of basenjis . Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) , 7 : 153 – 61 .
  • Breslin , N P , Nash , C , Hilsden , RJ , Hershfield , NB , Price , LM , Meddings , JB and Sutherland , LR . 2001 . Intestinal permeability is increased in a proportion of spouses of patients with Crohn’s disease . American Journal of Gastroenterology , 96 : 2934 – 2938 .
  • Cario , E and Podolsky , DK . 2000 . Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease . Infection and Immunity , 68 : 7010 – 7017 .
  • Center , SA , Warner , K , Corbett , J , Randolph , JF and Erb , HN . 2000 . Proteins invoked by vitamin K absence and clotting times in clinically ill cats . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 14 : 292 – 297 .
  • Couto , CG , Rutgers , HC , Sherding , RG and Rojko , J . 1989 . Gastrointestinal lymphoma in 20 dogs. A retrospective study . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 3 : 73 – 78 .
  • Dennis , JS , Kruger , JM and Mullaney , T . 1992 . Lymphocytic/plasmacytic gastroenteritis in cats: 14 cases (1985–1990) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 200 : 1712 – 1718 .
  • Dennis , JS , Kruger , JM and Mullaney , T P . 1993 . Lymphocytic/plasmacytic colitis in cats: 14 cases (1985–1990) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 202 : 313 – 318 .
  • Dianda , L , Hanby , AM , Wright , NA , Sebesteny , A , Hayday , AC and Owen , MJ . 1997 . T cell receptor-alpha beta-deficient mice fail to develop colitis in the absence of a microbial environment . American Journal of Pathology , 150 : 91 – 97 .
  • Dijkstra , G , Moshage , H and Jansen , PL . 2002 . Blockade of NF-kappa B activation and donation of nitric oxide: new treatment options in inflammatory bowel disease? . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (Supplement) , : 37 – 41 .
  • Dreitz , MJ , Ogilvie , G and Sim , GK . 1999 . Rearranged T lymphocyte antigen receptor genes as markers of malignant T cells . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 69 : 113 – 119 .
  • Farmer , RG , Hawk , WA and Turnbull , RB . 1975 . Clinical patterns in Crohn’s disease: a statistical study of 615 cases . Gastroenterology , 68 : 627 – 635 .
  • Foley , JE , Marks , SL , Munson , L , Melli , A , Dewhirst , FE , Yu , S , Shen , Z and Fox , JG . 1999 . Isolation of Helicobacter canis from a colony of Bengal cats with endemic diarrhea . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 37 : 3271 – 3275 .
  • Garden , OA , Manners , HK , Sorensen , SH , Rutgers , HC , Daniels , S , Legrand-Defretin , V and Batt , RM . 1998 . Intestinal permeability of Irish setter puppies challenged with a controlled oral dose of gluten . Research in Veterinary Science , 65 : 23 – 28 .
  • Garside , P and Mowat , AM . 2001 . Oral tolerance . Seminars in Immunology , 13 : 177 – 185 .
  • Gassler , N , Rohr , C , Schneider , A , Kartenbeck , J , Bach , A , Obermuller , N , Otto , HF and Autschbach , F . 2001 . Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with changes of enterocytic junctions . American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology , 281 : G216 – G228 .
  • German , AJ , Hall , EJ , Kelly , DF , Watson , AD and Day , MJ . 2000a . An immunohistochemical study of histiocytic ulcerative colitis in boxer dogs . Journal of Comparative Pathology , 122 : 163 – 75 .
  • German , AJ , Helps , CR , Hall , EJ and Day , MJ . 2000b . Cytokine mRNA expression in mu- cosal biopsies from German shepherd dogs with small intestinal enteropathies . Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 45 : 7 – 17 .
  • German , AJ , Hall , EJ and Day , MJ . 2001 . Immune cell populations within the duodenal mucosa of dogs with enteropathies . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 15 : 14 – 25 .
  • German , AJ , Day , MJ , Ruaux , CG , Steiner , JM , Williams , DA and Hall , EJ . 2003 . Comparison of direct and indirect tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in dogs . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 17 : 33 – 43 .
  • Gitter , AH , Bendfeldt , K , Schulzke , JD and Fromm , M . 2000 . Leaks in the epithelial barrier caused by spontaneous and TNF-alpha-induced single-cell apoptosis . Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal , 14 : 1749 – 53 .
  • Gitter , AH , Wullstein , F , Fromm , M and Schulzke , JD . 2001 . Epithelial barrier defects in ulcerative colitis: characterization and quantification by electrophysiological imaging . Gastroenterology , 121 : 1320 – 1328 .
  • Goldstein , RE , Greiter-Wilke , A , McDonough , S P and Simpson , KW . 2003 . Quantitative evaluation of inflammatory and immune responses in cats with inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 17 : 411 – 412 .
  • Grisham , MB , Pavlick , KP , Laroux , FS , Hoffman , J , Bharwani , S and Wolf , RE . 2002 . Nitric oxide and chronic gut inflammation: controversies in inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of Investigative Medicine , 50 : 272 – 283 .
  • Guarner , F , Casellas , F , Borruel , N , Antolin , M , Videla , S , Vilaseca , J and Malagelada , JR . 2002 . Role of microecology in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 56 ( 4 ) : S34 – S38 .
  • Guilford , WG , Jones , BR , Markwell , PJ , Arthur , DG , Collett , MG and Harte , JG . 2001 . Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal problems . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 15 : 7 – 13 .
  • Gunawardana , SC , Jergens , AE , Ahrens , FA and Niyo , Y . 1997 . Colonic nitrite and immunoglobulin G concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 211 : 318 – 321 .
  • Hanada , T and Yoshimura , A . 2002 . Regulation of cytokine signaling and inflammation . Cytokine Growth Factor Reviews , 13 : 413 – 421 .
  • Hart , JR , Shaker , E , Patnaik , AK and Garvey , MS . 1994 . Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis in cats: 60 cases (1988–1990) . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 30 : 505 – 514 .
  • Hausmann , M , Kiessling , S , Mestermann , S , Webb , G , Spottl , T , Andus , T , Scholmerich , J , Herfarth , H , Ray , K , Falk , W and Rogler , G . 2002 . Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are up-regulated during intestinal inflammation . Gastroenterology , 122 : 1987 – 2000 .
  • Hayden , DW and Van Kruiningen , HJ . 1982 . Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in German Shepherd dogs . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 18 : 89 – 96 .
  • Heine , H and Lien , E . 2003 . Toll-like receptors and their function in innate and adaptive immunity . International Archives of Allergy and Immunology , 130 : 180 – 192 .
  • Hendrick , M . 1981 . A spectrum of hypereosinophilic syndromes exemplified by six cats with eosinophilic enteritis . Veterinary Pathology , 18 : 188 – 200 .
  • Hirt , R and Iben , C . 1998 . Possible food allergy in a colony of cats . Journal of Nutrition , 128 : S2792 – S2794 .
  • Irvine , EJ and Marshall , JK . 2000 . Increased intestinal permeability precedes the onset of Crohn’s disease in a subject with familial risk . Gastroenterology , 119 : 1740 – 1744 .
  • Jacobs , G , Collins-Kelly , L , Lappin , MR and Tyler , D . 1990 . Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in 24 dogs . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 4 : 45 – 53 .
  • Jadcherla , SR , Jenkins , MK , Khoruts , A , Ingulli , E , Mueller , DL , McSorley , SJ , Reinhardt , RL , Itano , A and Pape , KA . 2002 . Inflammation inhibits muscarinic signaling in in vivo canine colonic circular smooth muscle cells . Pediatric Research , 52 : 756 – 762 .
  • Jensen , GL , McGarvey , N , Taraszewski , R , Wixson , SK , Seidner , DL , Pai , T , Yeh , YY , Lee , TW and DeMichele , SJ . 1994 . Lymphatic absorption of enterally fed structured triacylglycerol vs physical mix in a canine model . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 60 : 518 – 524 .
  • Jergens , AE . 1994 . Rational use of antimicrobials for gastrointestinal disease in small animals . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 30 : 123 – 131 .
  • Jergens , AE . 1999 . Inflammatory bowel disease. Current perspectives . Veterinary Clinics of North America — Small Animal Practice , 29 : 501 – 521 .
  • Jergens , AE , Moore , FM , Haynes , JS and Miles , KG . 1992 . Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1987–1990) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 201 : 1603 – 1608 .
  • Jergens , AE , Moore , FM , Kaiser , MS , Haynes , JS and Kinyon , JM . 1996 . Morphometric evaluation of immunoglobulin A-containing and immunoglobulin G-containing cells and T cells in duodenal mucosa from healthy dogs and from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease or nonspecific gastroenteritis . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 57 : 697 – 704 .
  • Jergens , AE , Carpenter , SL and Wannemuehler , Y . 1998 . Molecular detection of inducible nitric oxide synthase in canine inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 12 : 205 – 205 .
  • Jergens , AE , Gamet , Y , Moore , FM , Niyo , Y , Tsao , C and Smith , B . 1999 . Colonic lymphocyte and plasma cell populations in dogs with lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 60 : 515 – 520 .
  • Jergens , AE , Schreiner , CA , Frank , DE , Niyo , Y , Ahrens , FE , Eckersall , PD , Benson , TJ and Evans , R . 2003 . A scoring index for disease activity in canine inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 17 : 291 – 297 .
  • Johnson , SE , Kanauchi , O , Suga , T , Tochihara , M , Hibi , T , Naganuma , M , Homma , T , Asakura , H , Nakano , H , Takahama , K , Fujiyama , Y , Andoh , A , Shimoyama , T , Hida , N , Haruma , K , Koga , H , Mitsuyama , K , Sata , M , Fukuda , M , Kojima , A and Bamba , T . 1992 . Canine eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis . Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) , 7 : 145 – 152 .
  • Kellermann , SA and McEvoy , LM . 2001 . The Peyer’s patch microenvironment suppresses T cell responses to chemokines and other stimuli . Journal of Immunology , 167 : 682 – 690 .
  • Kim , SW , Rogers , QR and Morris , JG . 1996 . Dietary antibiotics decrease taurine loss in cats fed a canned heat-processed diet . Journal of Nutrition , 126 : 509 – 515 .
  • Kliewer , SA , Sundseth , SS , Jones , SA , Brown , PJ , Wisely , GB , Koble , CS , Devchand , P , Wahli , W , Willson , TM , Lenhard , JM and Lehmann , JM . 1997 . Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 94 : 4318 – 4323 .
  • Knowles , DM . 1989 . Immunophenotypic and antigen receptor gene rearrangement analysis in T cell neoplasia . American Journal of Pathology , 134 : 761 – 785 .
  • Lappin , MR , Dowers , K , Edsell , D , Taton-Allen , GF and Cheney , J . 1997 . Cryptosporidiosis and inflammatory bowel disease in a cat . Feline Practice , 25 : 10 – 13 .
  • Larsen , JA , Calvert , CC and Rogers , QR . 2002 . Processing of dietary casein decreases bioavailability of lysine in growing kittens . Journal of Nutrition , 132 : S1748S – S1750S .
  • Lee , JY , Plakidas , A , Lee , WH , Heikkinen , A , Chanmugam , P , Bray , G and Hwang , DH . 2003 . Differential modulation of Toll-like receptors by fatty acids: preferential inhibition by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids . Journal of Lipid Research , 44 : 479 – 486 .
  • Linskens , RK , Huijsdens , XW , Savelkoul , PH , Vandenbroucke-Grauls , CM and Meuwissen , SG . 2001 . The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology (Supplement) , : 29 – 40 .
  • Littman , M P , Dambach , DM , Vaden , SL and Giger , U . 2000 . Familial protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers: 222 cases (1983–1997) . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 14 : 68 – 80 .
  • Liu , X , Rusch , NJ , Striessnig , J and Sarna , SK . 2001 . Down-regulation of L-type calcium channels in inflamed circular smooth muscle cells of the canine colon . Gastroenterology , 120 : 480 – 489 .
  • Locher , C , Tipold , A , Welle , M , Busato , A , Zurbriggen , A and Griot-Wenk , ME . 2001 . Quantitative assessment of mast cells and expression of IgE protein and mRNA for IgE and interleukin 4 in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy dogs and dogs with inflammatory bowel disease . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 62 : 211 – 216 .
  • Luckschander , N , Allenspach , K , Styner , M , Doherr , M , Seibold , F , Gaschen , F , MacLachlan , NJ , Breitschwerdt , EB , Chambers , JM , Argenzio , RA and De Buysscher , EV . 2003 . Validation of serologic markers of disease activity (pANCA and ASCA) in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 17 : 414 – 414 .
  • Mahler , M and Leiter , EH . 2002 . Genetic and environmental context determines the course of colitis developing in IL-10-deficient mice . Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , 8 : 347 – 355 .
  • Manthey , MW , Ross , AB and Soergel , KH . 1997 . Cryptosporidiosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Experience from the Milwaukee outbreak . Digestive Diseases and Sciences , 42 : 1580 – 1586 .
  • Marks , SL , Laflamme , D and McCandlish , A P . 2002 . Dietary trial using a commercial hypoallergenic diet containing hydrolyzed protein for dogs with inflammatory bowel disease . Veterinary Therapeutics , 3 : 109 – 118 .
  • Martin , L , Matteson , V and Wingfield , W . 1994 . Abnormalities of serum magnesium in critically ill dogs: incidence and implications . Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care , 4 : 15 – 20 .
  • Mayoral , I , Pena , L , Rodriguez-Franco , F , Sainz , A , Tesouro , MA and Ynaraja , E . 1996 . Immunohistological study of IgA, IgG and IgM in endoscopic biopsies of dogs with plasmacytic-lymphocytic colitis . Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe B , 43 : 613 – 620 .
  • Meddings , JB , Kirk , D and Olson , ME . 1995 . Noninvasive detection of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug-induced gastropathy in dogs . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 56 : 977 – 981 .
  • Muir , P , Gruffydd-Jones , TJ and Brown , PJ . 1993 . Hypereosinophilic syndrome in a cat . Veterinary Record , 132 : 358 – 359 .
  • Nelson , RW , Dimperio , ME and Long , GG . 1984 . Lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis in the cat . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 184 : 1133 – 1135 .
  • Nelson , RW , Stookey , LJ and Kazacos , E . 1988 . Nutritional management of idiopathic chronic colitis in the dog . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 2 : 133 – 137 .
  • Papadakis , KA and Targan , SR . 2000 . Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease . Annual Review of Medicine , 51 : 289 – 298 .
  • Pavlick , K P , Laroux , FS , Fuseler , J , Wolf , RE , Gray , L , Hoffman , J and Grisham , MB . 2002 . Role of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen in inflammatory bowel disease . Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 33 : 311 – 322 .
  • Pearson , M , Teahon , K , Levi , AJ and Bjarnason , I . 1993 . Food intolerance and Crohn’s disease . Gut , 34 : 783 – 787 .
  • Perner , A and Rask-Madsen , J . 1999 . Review article: the potential role of nitric oxide in chronic inflammatory bowel disorders . Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 13 : 135 – 144 .
  • Peterson , JL , Willard , MD , Lees , GE , Lappin , MR , Dieringer , T and Floyd , E . 1991 . Toxoplasmosis in two cats with inflammatory intestinal disease . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 199 : 473 – 476 .
  • Ramakrishna , BS , Mathan , M and Mathan , VI . 1994 . Alteration of colonic absorption by long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Influence of hydroxylation and degree of unsaturation . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 29 : 54 – 58 .
  • Ridgway , J , Jergens , AE and Niyo , Y . 2001 . Possible causal association of idiopathic inflam- matory bowel disease with thrombocytopenia in the dog . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 37 : 65 – 74 .
  • Ridyard , AE , Nuttall , TJ , else , RW , Simpson , JW and Miller , HR . 2002 . Evaluation of Th1, Th2 and immunosuppressive cytokine mRNA expression within the colonic mucosa of dogs with idiopathic lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 86 : 205 – 214 .
  • Ristic , JM and Stidworthy , MF . 2002 . Tw o cases of severe iron-deficiency anaemia due to inflammatory bowel disease in the dog . Journal of Small Animal Practice , 43 : 80 – 83 .
  • Rutgers , HC , Batt , RM and Kelly , DF . 1988 . Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis associated with bacterial overgrowth in a dog . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 192 : 1739 – 1742 .
  • Rutgers , HC , Batt , RM , Elwood , CM and Lamport , A . 1995 . Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs with chronic intestinal disease . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 206 : 187 – 193 .
  • Rutgers , HC , Batt , RM , Proud , FJ , Sorensen , SH , Elwood , CM , Petrie , G , Matthewman , LA , Forster-van , Hijfte MA , Boswood , A , Entwistle , M and Fensome , RH . 1996 . Intestinal permeability and function in dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth . Journal of Small Animal Practice , 37 : 428 – 434 .
  • Schurmann , G , Bruwer , M , Klotz , A , Schmid , KW , Senninger , N and Zimmer , K P . 1999 . Transepithelial transport processes at the intestinal mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease . International Journal of Colorectal Disease , 14 : 41 – 46 .
  • Sepulveda , AR and Coelho , LG . 2002 . Helicobacter pylori and gastric malignancies . Helicobacter , 7 ( 1 ) : 37 – 42 .
  • Sethi , AK and Sarna , SK . 1991 . Colonic motor response to a meal in acute colitis . Gastroenterology , 101 : 1537 – 1546 .
  • Simpson , KW , Fyfe , J , Cornetta , A , Sachs , A , Strauss-Ayali , D , Lamb , SV and Reimers , TJ . 2001 . Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 15 : 26 – 32 .
  • Sturniolo , GC , Di , L. V , Ferronato , A , D’Odorico , A and D’Inca , R . 2001 . Zinc supplementation tightens “leaky gut” in Crohn’s disease . Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , 7 : 94 – 98 .
  • Szabo , A , Boros , M , Kaszaki , J and Nagy , S . 1997 . The role of mast cells in mucosal permeability changes during ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine . Shock , 8 : 284 – 291 .
  • Takagi , T , Naito , Y , Tomatsuri , N , Handa , O , Ichikawa , H , Yoshida , N and Yoshikawa , T . 2002 . Pioglitazone, a PPAR-gamma ligand, provides protection from dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice in association with inhibition of the NF-kappa B-cytokine cascade . Redox Report , 7 : 283 – 289 .
  • Tams , TR . 1993 . Feline inflammatory bowel disease . Veterinary Clinics of North America — Small Animal Practice , 23 : 569 – 586 .
  • Tanaka , M and Riddell , RH . 1990 . The pathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Crohn’s disease . Hepatogastroenterology , 37 : 18 – 31 .
  • Toll , J , Erb , H , Birnbaum , N and Schermerhorn , T . 2002 . Prevalence and incidence of serum magnesium abnormalities in hospitalized cats . Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine , 16 : 217 – 221 .
  • Van Den , BJ , Kamm , MA and Knight , SC . 2001 . Immune sensitization to food, yeast and bacteria in Crohn’s disease . Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 15 : 1647 – 1653 .
  • Van Den , BJ , Cahill , J , Emmanuel , AV , Vaizey , CJ , Talbot , IC , Knight , SC and Kamm , MA . 2002 . Gut mucosal response to food antigens in Crohn’s disease . Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 16 : 1903 – 1915 .
  • Vernau , W and Moore , PF . 1999 . An immunophenotypic study of canine leukemias and preliminary assessment of clonality by polymerase chain reaction . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 69 : 145 – 164 .
  • Vibe-Petersen , G . 1991 . Canine lymphocytic plasmocytic enteritis: an immunopatho- logical investigation of intestinal plasma cells . Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica , 32 : 221 – 232 .
  • Wasmer , ML , Willard , MD , Helman , RG and Edwards , JF . 1995 . Food intolerance mimicking alimentary lymphosarcoma . Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association , 31 : 463 – 466 .
  • Weiss , DJ , Gagne , JM and Armstrong , PJ . 1996 . Relationship between inflammatory hepatic disease and inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and nephritis in cats . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 209 : 1114 – 6 .
  • Wilcock , B . 1992 . Endoscopic biopsy interpretation in canine or feline enterocolitis . Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal) , 7 : 162 – 171 .
  • Willard , MD and Leid , RW . 1981 . Nonuniform horizontal and vertical distributions of immunoglobulin A cells in canine intestines . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 42 : 1573 – 1580 .
  • Willard , MD , Jergens , AE , Duncan , RB , Leib , MS , McCracken , MD , DeNovo , RC , Helman , RG , Slater , MR and Harbison , JL . 2002 . Interobserver variation among histopathologic evaluations of intestinal tissues from dogs and cats . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 220 : 1177 – 1182 .
  • Wilson , SC , Thomson-Kerr , K and Houston , DM . 1996 . Hypereosinophilic syndrome in a cat . Canadian Veterinary Journal , 37 : 679 – 680 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.