Adding nutritional value to meatand milk from pasture-fed livestock

References

• Anonymous Nutrition recommendations The Report of the Scientific Review Committee Health and Welfare Canada Ottawa, , Canada 1990
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Composition of New Zealand Foods 3. Dairy Products Visser F Gray I Williams M New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd Christchurch, , NZ 1991
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Reference values for nutrition labeling A Food Labelling Guide 1998 United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Revision 30, Jan
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous NZ Food: NZ People. Key Results of the 1997 National Nutrition Survey Russell D Parnell W Wilson N Ministry of Health Wellington, , NZ 1999
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous The Realeat Survey 2001 — Changing Attitudes to Meat Consumption in the UK Conducted by The Gallup Organisation Haldane Foods Group Newport Pagnell, , UK 2001
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Food and Nutrition Guidelines for Healthy Adults: A Background Paper Public Health Policy Group, Ministry of Health Wellington, , NZ 2003 a
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous The Concise New Zealand Food Composition Tables , 6th Edtn Athar N McLaughlin J Taylor G New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd Christchurch, , NZ 2003 b
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Fortified Foods Available in New Zealand Manufactured Food Database Auckland, , N 2003 c
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Standard 1.1.1 and Standard 1.3.2 Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code Anstat Pty Ltd, Melbourne Australia 2004
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , SA and Hanning , RM . 1989 . “ Amino acid metabolism and requirements of the premature infant: is human milk the “gold standard” . In Protein and Non-protein Nitrogen in Human Milk , Edited by: Atkinson , SA and Lonnerdal , B . 187 – 209 . Florida, , USA : CRC Press, Boca Raton .
   Google Scholar
• Bendall , JG . 2001 . Aroma compounds of fresh milk from New Zealand cows fed different diets . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 49 : 4825 – 4832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beulens , JWJ , Bindels , JG , Graaf , C de , Alles , MS and Wouters-Wesseling , W . 2004 . Alpha-lactalbumin combined with a regular diet increases plasma Trp-LNAA ratio. . Physiology and Behavior , 81 : 585 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brophy , B , Smolenski , G , Wheeler , T , Wells , D , L'Huillier , P and Laible , G . 2003 . Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein. . Nature Biotechnology , 21 : 157 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cant , JR , Berthiaume , R , Lapierre , H , Luimes , PH , McBride , BW and Pacheco , D . 2003 . Responses of the bovine mammary glands to absorptive supply of single amino acids . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 83 : 341 – 355 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilliard , Y , Ferlay , A , Mansbridge , RM and Doreau , M . 2000 . Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids . Annales de Zootechnie , 49 : 181 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Corl , BA , Baumgard , LH , Dwyer , DA , Griinari , JM , Phillips , BS and Bauman , DE . 2001 . The role of delta 9-desaturase in the production of cis-9, trans-11 CLA . Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 12 : 622 – 630 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corl , BA , Barbano , DM , Bauman , DE and Ip , C . 2003 . cis-9, trans-11 CLA derived endogenously from trans-11 18:1 reduces cancer risk in rats . Journal of Nutrition , 133 : 2893 – 900 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish , J , Callon , KE , Naot , D , Palmano , KP , Banovic , T , Bava , U , Watson , M , Lin , JM , Tong , PC , Chen , Q , Chan , VA , Reid , HE , Fazzalari , N , Baker , HM , Baker , EN , Haggarty , NW , Grey , AB and Reid , IR . 2004 . Lactoferrin is a potent regulator of bone cell activity and increases bone formation in vivo . Endocrinology , 145 : 4366 – 474 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cressey , PJ . 2003 . Iodine content of New Zealand dairy products . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 16 : 25 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin , SJ , Manoharan , V , Hedley , MJ and Loganathan , P . 2000 . Fluoride: a review of its fate, bioavailability and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 43 : 295 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis , SR , Farr , VC , Knowles , SO , Lee , J , Kolver , ES and Auldist , MJ . 2001 . Sources of variation in milk calcium content . Australian Journal of Dairy Technology , 56 Abstract 156
   Google Scholar
• Demeyer , DI and Doreau , M . 1999 . Targets and procedure for altering ruminant meat and milklipids . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 58 : 593 – 607 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhurst , RJ , Scollan , ND , Youell , SJ , Tweed , JKS and Humphreys , MO . 2001 . Influence of species, cutting date and cutting interval on the fatty acid composition of grasses . Grass and Forage Science , 56 : 68 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enser , M , Hallett , KG , Hewett , B , Fursey , GAJ , Wood , JD and Harrington , G . 1998 . Fatty acid content and composition of UK beef and lamb muscle in relation to production system and implications for human nutrition . Meat Science , 49 : 329 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enser , M , Scollan , ND , Choi , NJ , Kurt , E , Hallet , K and Wood , JD . 1999 . Effect of dietary lipid on the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in beef muscle . Animal Science , 69 : 143 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferranti , P , Traisci , MV , Picariello , G , Nasi , A , Boschi , V , Siervo , M , Falconi , C , Chianese , L and Addeo , F . 2004 . Casein proteolysis in human milk: tracing the pattern of casein breakdown and the formation of potential bioactive peptides . Journal of Dairy Research , 71 : 74 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg , ML , Wierzbicki , AA , Thomson , ABR and Clandinin , MT . 1989 . Dietary saturated fat level alters the competition between alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid . Lipids , 24 : 334 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , ND . 1994 . “ Selenium ” . In Managing Trace Element Deficiencies. , 9 – 23 . Palmerston North, , NZ : New Zealand Pastoral Agricultural Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , ND and Waghorn , GC . Impact of iodine supplementation of dairy cows on milk production, iodine concentrations in milk and reproductive performance . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , in press
   Google Scholar
• Grace , ND , Waghorn , GC , Mills , AR and Death , AF . 1996 . Effect of iodine supplementation on milk iodine concentrations and productivity of dairy cows . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 56 : 143 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , ND , Lee , J , Mills , AR and Death , AF . 1997 . Influence of Se status on milk Se concentrations in dairy cows . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 40 : 75 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace , ND , Loganathan , P , Hedley , MJ and Wallace , GC . 2003 . Ingestion of soil fluorine: its impact on the fluorine metabolism and status of grazing young sheep . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 46 : 279 – 286 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisart , B , Coppieters , W , Farnir , F , Karim , L , Ford , C , Berzi , P , Cambisano , N , Mni , M , Reid , S , Simon , P , Spelman , R , Georges , M and Snell , R . 2002 . Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition . Genome Research , 12 : 222 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han , M-S . 2000 . Korea turns to pork to boost selenium levels . Meat International (Reed Business Information) , 10 : 28 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , PM and Lee , J . 1998 . Natural enhancement of nutritionally significant amino acids in milk . Dairy Foods in Health — Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation , 336 : 51 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgs , DJ , Morris , VC and Levander , OA . 1972 . Effect of cooking on selenium content of foods . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 20 : 678 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , JP , Crawford , RA and Boland , MJ . 2002 . Milk and consumer health: a review of the evidence for a relationship between the consumption of beta-casein A1 with heart disease and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 62 : 111 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , CW , Brookes , IM , Garrick , DJ , Mackenzie , DDS , Parkinson , TJ and Wilson , GF . 2002 . “ Introduction to dairy production in New Zealand ” . In Milk Production from Pasture — Principles and Practices. , 1 – 20 . Palmerston North, , NZ : Massey University .
   Google Scholar
• Ivan , M , Mir , PS , Koenig , KM , Rode , LM , Neill , L , Entz , T and Mir , Z . 2001 . Effects of dietary sunflower seed oil on rumen protozoa population and tissue concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in sheep . Small Ruminant Research , 41 : 215 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joblin , KN and Hudson , JA . 1997 . “ Management of milk flavour through manipulation of rumen micro-organisms ” . In Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology , Edited by: Welch , RAS , Burns , DJW , Davis , SR , Popay , AI and Prosser , CG . 455 – 463 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , JK , Mackle , TR , Auldist , MJ , Thomson , NA and Bauman , DE . 2002 . Endogenous synthesis and enhancement of conjugated linoleic acid in pasture-fed dairy cows . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 62 : 12 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , YJ , Liu , RH , Rychlik , JL and Russell , JB . 2002 . The enrichment of a ruminal bacterium (Megasphaera elsdenii YJ-4) that produces the trans-10, cis-12 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid . Journal of Applied Microbiology , 92 : 976 – 982 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knekt , P , Järvinen , R , Seppänen , R , Pukkala , E and Aromaa , A . 1996 . Intake of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer . British Journal of Cancer , 73 : 687 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , TW , Knowles , SO , Death , AF , West , J , Agnew , M , Morris , CA and Purchas , RW . 2003 . Factors affecting the variation in fatty acid concentrations in lean beef from grass-fed cattle in New Zealand and the implications for human health. . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 46 : 83 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , TW , Knowles , SO , Death , AF , Cummings , TL and Muir , PD . 2004 a . Conservation of conjugated linoleic, trans-vaccenic and long chain omega-3 fatty acid content in raw and cooked lamb from two cross-breeds . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 47 : 129 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , TW , Tavendale , MH , Death , AF and Agnew , M . 2004 b . Conjugated linoleic acid concentration (CLA) in the m. longissimus thoracis of the offspring of Romney ewes screened for high and low CLA in their milkfat . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 47 : 287 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles , SO , Lee , J and Grace , ND . 1997 . Metabolism of trace elements in lactating dairy cows: Perspectives of selenium and iodine in animal health and human nutrition . Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand , 22 : 174 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Knowles , SO , Grace , ND , Wurms , K and Lee , J . 1999 . Significance of amount and form of dietary selenium on blood, milk, and casein selenium concentrations in grazing cows . Journal of Dairy Science , 82 : 429 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky , D . 2000 . Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid . British Journal of Nutrition , 83 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugesen , M and Elliott , R . 2003 . Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 beta-casein . New Zealand Medical Journal , 116 : 295 – 314 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , J , Masters , DG , White , CL , Grace , ND and Judson , GJ . 1999 . Current issues in trace element nutrition of grazing livestock in Australia and New Zealand . Australian Journal of Agricultural Research , 50 : 1341 – 1364 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , J , Knowles , SO and Judson , G . 2002 . “ Trace element and vitamin nutrition of grazing sheep ” . In Sheep Nutrition , Edited by: Freer , M and Dove , H . 285 – 311 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , SS , Ahn , BH , Kim , HS , Kim , CH , Cheng , KJ and Ha , JK . 2003 . Effects of non-ionic surfactants on enzyme distributions of rumen contents, anaerobic growth of rumen microbes, rumen fermentation characteristics and performances of lactating cows . Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences , 16 : 104 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan , P , Hedley , MJ , Grace , ND , Lee , J and Cronin , SJ . 2003 . Fertiliser contaminants in New Zealand grazed pasture with special reference to cadmium and fluorine: a review . Australian Journal of Soil Research , 41 : 501 – 532 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackle , TR , Petch , SF , Bryant , AM , Auldist , MJ , Henderson , HV and MacGibbon , AKH . 1997 . Variation in the characteristics of milkfat from pasture-fed dairy cows during late spring and the effects of grain supplementation . New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research , 40 : 349 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackle , TR , Bryant , AM , Petch , SF , Hill , JP and Auldist , MJ . 1999 . Nutritional influences on the composition of milk from cows of different protein phenotypes in New Zealand . Journal of Dairy Science , 82 : 172 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacPherson , A , Barclay , MNI , Scott , R and Yates , RWS . 1997 . “ Loss of Canadian wheat imports lowers selenium intake and status of the Scottish population ” . In Trace Elements in Man and Animals -TEMA 9 , Edited by: Fischer , P , L'Abbé , M , Cockell , K and Gibson , R . 203 – 205 . Ottawa, , Canada : NRC Research Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , J and Aitken , E . 2003 . The re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand? . New Zealand Medical Journal , 116 : 351 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Mann , J and Skeaff , M . 2003 . beta-Casein variants and atherosclerosis — claims are premature . Atherosclerosis , 170 : 11 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , P , Szymanowska , M , Zwierzchowski , L and Leroux , C . 2002 . The impact of genetic polymorphisms on the protein composition of ruminant milks . Reproduction, Nutrition, Development , 42 : 433 – 459 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maynard , LJ and Franklin , ST . 2003 . Functional foods as a value-added strategy: the commercial potential of “cancer-fighting” dairy products . Review of Agricultural Economics , 25 : 316 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• McConnell , C , Lock , AL , McFadden , JW and Bauman , DE . 2004 . Fish oil supplementation in dairy cows causes a reduction in milk fat secretion and enhances milk fatty acids of interest in human health . FASEB Journal , 18 Abstract 115.10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan , CNS and Olsson , F . 2003 . Setting the record straight: A1 β-casein, heart disease and diabetes . New Zealand Medical Journal , 116 : 375 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney , CS , Dalrymple , BP , Gobius , KS , Kennedy , PM , Krause , DO , Mackie , RI and Xue , GP . 1999 . The application of rumen biotechnology to improve the nutritive value of fibrous feedstuffs: pre- and post-ingestion . Livestock Production Science , 59 : 265 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Meisel , H . 2001 . Bioactive peptides from milk proteins: a perspective for consumers and producers . Australian Journal of Dairy Technology , 56 : 83 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , GJ , Masor , ML and Riley , ML . 1981 . Intramuscular lipids and triglyceride structures in range and feedlot steers . Journal of Food Science , 46 : 1333 – 1335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir , Z , Goonewardene , LA , Okine , E , Jaegar , S and Scheer , HD . 1999 . Effect of feeding canola oil on constituents, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and long chain fatty acids in goats milk . Small Ruminant Research , 33 : 137 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochoa , JJ , Farquharson , AJ , Grant , I , Moffat , LE , Heys , SD and Wahle , KWJ . 2004 . Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) decrease prostate cancer cell proliferation: different molecular mechanisms for cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers . Carcinogenesis , 25 : 1185 – 1191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odenyo , AA , Osuji , PO , Reed , JD , Smith , AH , Mackie , RI , McSweeney , CS and Hanson , J . 2003 . Acacia angustissima: Its anti-nutrients constituents, toxicity and possible mechanisms to alleviate the toxicity — a short review . Agroforestry Systems , 59 : 141 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Rios , D , McNabb , WC , Hill , JP , Barry , TN and Mackenzie , DDS . 1999 . The effects of methionine supplementation upon milk composition and production of forage-fed dairy cows . Canadian Journal of Animal Science , 79 : 235 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford , WS , Deland , MPB , Siebert , BD , Malau-Aduliand , AEO and Bottema , CDK . 2002 . Genetic variation in fatness and fatty acid composition of crossbred cattle . Journal of Animal Science , 80 : 2825 – 2832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purchas , RW , Rutherfurd , SM , Pearce , PD , Vather , R and Wilkinson , BHP . 2004 . Concentrations in beef and lamb of taurine, carnosine, coenzyme Q10, and creatine . Meat Science , 66 : 629 – 637 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishnan , U . 2002 . Prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition worldwide . Nutrition Reviews , 60 ( 5 Pt 2 ) : S46 – S52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud , SC and Lanzmann-Petithory , D . 2002 . The beneficial effect of a-linolenic acid in coronary artery disease is not questionable . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 76 : 903 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rulquin , H , Verite , R , Guinard-Flament , J and Pisulewski , PM . 2001 . Amino acids truly digestible in the small intestine. Factors of variation in ruminants and consequences on milk protein secretion . Productions Animales , 14 : 201 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Salminen , I , Mutanen , M , Jauhiainen , M and Aro , A . 1998 . Dietary trans fatty acids increase conjugated linoleic acid levels in human serum . Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 9 : 93 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos , AP . 2002 . The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids . Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy , 56 : 365 – 379 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simopoulos , AP , Leaf , A and Salem , N . 2000 . Workshop statement on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids . Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids , 63 : 119 – 121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , CD . 2004 . Selenium and iodine intakes and status in New Zealand and Australia . British Journal of Nutrition , 91 : 661 – 672 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , CD , Colls , AJ , Conaglen , JV , Macormack , M , Stiles , M and Mann , J . 1997 . Iodine status of New Zealand residents as assessed by urinary iodide excretion and thyroid hormones . British Journal of Nutrition , 78 : 901 – 912 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , NA , Auldist , MJ , Kay , JK , MacGibbon , AKH and Murphy , JJ . 2002 . On-farm management to modify milkfat composition: A review of experiments undertaken at Dexcel to produce a spreadable butter directly from the cow . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 62 : 100 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Ulbricht , TL and Southgate , DAT . 1991 . Coronary heart disease: seven dietary factors . Lancet , 338 : 985 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulyatt , MJ . 1997 . Can protein utilisation from pasture be improved? . Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production , 57 : 4 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Vitti , P , Rago , T , Aghini-Lombardi , F and Pinchera , A . 2001 . Iodine deficiency disorders in Europe . Public Health Nutrition , 4 : 529 – 535 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waghorn , GC and Clark , DA . 2004 . Feeding value of pastures for ruminants . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 320 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West , J . 1996 . Compilation of Nutritional Data for New Zealand Beef and Lamb in Domestic and Export Trade. Project 96MZ 64/4.3 , Wellington, , NZ : New Zealand Meat Research and Development Council .
   Google Scholar
• Windisch , W . 2002 . Interaction of chemical species with biological regulation of the metabolism of essential trace elements . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry , 372 : 421 – 425 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , JD , Richardson , RI , Nute , GR , Fisher , AV , Campo , MM , Kasapidou , E , Sheard , PR and Enser , M . 2004 . Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review . Meat Science , 66 : 21 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodfield , DR and Easton , HS . 2004 . Advances in pasture plant breeding for animal productivity and health . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 300 – 310 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worsley , A and Scott , V . 2000 . Consumers’ concerns about food and health in Australia and New Zealand . Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 9 : 24 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , OA , Lane , GA , Priolo , A and Fraser , K . 2003 . Pastoral and species flavour in lambs raised on pasture, lucerne or maize . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 83 : 93 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar