997
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. Conclusions

&
Pages 377-383 | Received 08 Aug 2005, Accepted 17 Oct 2005, Published online: 18 Feb 2011

References

  • Back , W , Smit , LD and Schamhardt , HC . 1999 . The influence of different exercise regimens on the development of locomotion in the foal . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 106 – 111 .
  • Bailey , CJ , Reid , SW , Hodgson , DR , Bourke , JM and Rose , RJ . 1998 . Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury . Equine Veterinary Journal , 30 : 498 – 503 .
  • Bank , RA , Verzijl , N , Lafeber , FPJG and Tekoppele , JM . 2002 . Putative role of lysyl hydroxylation and pyridinoline cross-linking during adolescence in the occurrence of osteoarthritis at old age . Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 10 : 127 – 134 .
  • Boston , RC and Nunamaker , DM . 2000 . Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 61 : 602 – 608 .
  • Boyde , A . 2003 . The real response of bone to exercise . Journal of Anatomy , 203 : 173 – 189 .
  • Boyde , A and Firth , EC . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 123 – 132 .
  • Braam , LAJLM , Knapen , MHJ , Geusens , P , Brouns , F and Vermeer , C . 2003 . Factors affecting bone loss in female endurance athletes — a two-year follow-up study . American Journal of Sports Medicine , 31 : 889 – 895 .
  • Brama , PA , Tekoppele , JM , Bank , RA , Barneveld , A , Firth , EC and Van Weeren , PR van . 2000 . The influence of strenuous exercise on collagen characteristics of articular cartilage in Thoroughbreds age 2 years . Equine Veterinary Journal , 32 : 551 – 554 .
  • Brama , PA , TeKoppele , JM , Bank , RA , Barneveld , A and Van Weeren , PR van . 2002 . Development of biochemical heterogeneity of articular cartilage: influences of age and exercise . Equine Veterinary Journal , 34 : 265 – 269 .
  • Bramlage , LR , Schneider , RK and Gabel , AA . 1988 . A clinical perspective on lameness originating in the carpus . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 12 – 18 .
  • Broom , ND . 1988 . An enzymatically-induced structural transformation in articular cartilage — its significance with respect to matrix breakdown . Arthritis and Rheumatism , 31 : 210 – 218 .
  • Burr , DB , Martin , RB , Schaffler , MB and Radin , EL . 1985 . Bone remodeling in response to in vivo fatigue microdamage . Journal of Biomechanics , 18 : 189 – 200 .
  • Butcher , MT , Ashley-Ross , MA , Cantley , CEL , Firth , EC , Delahunt , JW , Pfeiffer , DU and Thompson , KG . 2002 . Fetlock joint kinematics differ with age in Thoroughbred racehorses . Journal of Biomechanics , 35 : 563 – 571 .
  • Cantley , CEL , Firth , EC , Delahunt , JW , Pfeiffer , DU and Thompson , KG . 1999 . Naturally occurring osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of wild horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 73 – 81 .
  • Davies , HMS . 1996 . The effects of different exercise conditions on metacarpal bone strains in Thoroughbred racehorses . Pferdeheilkunde , 12 : 666 – 670 .
  • Dykgraaf , S . 2003 . “ The effect of early exercise on the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the distal third metacarpal/metatarsal bones of young Thoroughbred horses ” . In MVSc thesis , Palmerston North, NZ : Massey University .
  • Ferretti , JL , Capozza , RF and Zanchetta , JR . 1996 . Mechanical validation of a tomographic (pQCT) index for non-invasive estimation of rat femur bending strength . Bone , 18 : 97 – 102 .
  • Firth , EC . 1996 . “ Functional joint anatomy and its development ” . In Joint Disease in the Horse , Edited by: McIlwraith , CW and Trotter , GW . 80 – 86 . Philadelphia, , USA : WB Saunders .
  • Firth , EC . 2004 . Problems in quantifying bone response to exercise in horses: a review . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 216 – 229 .
  • Firth , EC and Rogers , CW . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 113 – 122 .
  • Firth , EC , Delahunt , J , Wichtel , JW , Birch , HL and Goodship , AE . 1999 a . Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 111 – 115 .
  • Firth , EC , Goodship , AE , Delahunt , J and Smith , T . 1999 b . Osteoinductive response in the dorsal aspect of the carpus of young Thoroughbreds in training occurs within months . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 552 – 554 .
  • Firth , EC , Rogers , CW and Jopson , N . 2000 . Effects of racetrack exercise on third metacarpal and carpal bone of New Zealand Thoroughbred horses . Journal of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions , 1 : 145 – 147 .
  • Firth , EC , Rogers , CW , Perkins , NR , Anderson , BH and Grace , ND . 2004 a . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 1. Study design, and clinical, nutritional, radiological and histological observations . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 261 – 271 .
  • Firth , EC , Rogers , CW and Anderson , BH . 2004 b . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 4. Morphometric, microscopic and biomechanical properties of the digital tendons of the forelimb . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 285 – 292 .
  • Firth , EC , Rogers , CW , Doube , M and Jopson , NB . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2- year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 101 – 112 .
  • Gee , EK , Grace , ND , Firth , EC and Fennessy , PF . 2000 . Changes in liver copper concentration of Thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and the effect of prenatal copper supplementation of their dams . Australian Veterinary Journal , 78 : 347 – 353 .
  • Gee , EK , Fennessy , PF , Morel , PCH , Grace , ND , Firth , EC and Mogg , TD . 2003 . Chemical body composition of 20 Thoroughbred foals at 160 days of age, and preliminary investigation of techniques used to predict body fatness . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 51 : 125 – 131 .
  • Gee , EK , Firth , EC , Morel , MCH , Fennessy , PF , Grace , ND and Mogg , TD . 2005 . Enlargements of the distal third metacarpus and metatarsus in Thoroughbred foals at pasture from birth to 160 days of age . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 438 – 447 .
  • Grace , ND , Pearce , SG , Firth , EC and Fennessy , PF . 1999 . Content and distribution of macro- and micro-elements in the body of pasture-fed young horses . Australian Veterinary Journal , 77 : 172 – 176 .
  • Grace , ND , Gee , EK , Firth , EC and Shaw , HL . 2002 . Digestible energy intake, dry matter digestibility and mineral status of grazing New Zealand Thoroughbred yearlings . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 50 : 63 – 69 .
  • Grace , ND , Rogers , CW , Firth , EC , Faram , TL and Shaw , HL . 2003 . Digestible energy intake, dry matter digestibility and effect of increased calcium intake on bone parameters of grazing Thoroughbred weanlings in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 51 : 165 – 173 .
  • Kai , M , Takahashi , T , Aoki , O and Oki , H . 1999 . Influence of rough track surfaces on components of vertical forces in cantering Thoroughbred horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 552 – 554 .
  • Kane , A , Stover , SM , Gardner , IA , Case , JT , Johnson , BJ , Read , DH and Ardans , AA . 1996 . Horseshoe characteristics as possible risk factors for fatal musculoskeletal injury of Thoroughbred racehorses . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 57 : 1147 – 1152 .
  • Kawcak , CE , McIlwraith , CW , Norrdin , RW , Park , RD and Steyn , PS . 2000 . Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints in horses . American Journal Veterinary of Research , 61 : 1252 – 1258 .
  • Kidd , J . 1984 . “ Equitation ” . In Training of the Rider and Horse to Advanced Level , London, , UK : Country Life Books .
  • Lane , NE , Bloch , DA , Jones , HH , Marshall , WH , Wood , PD and Fries , JF . 1986 . Longdistance running, bone-density, and osteoarthritis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 255 : 1147 – 1151 .
  • McCarthy , RN and Jeffcott , LB . 1992 . Effects of treadmill exercise on cortical bone in the third metacarpus of young horses . Research in Veterinary Science , 52 : 28 – 37 .
  • McIlwraith , CW . 1996 . “ Clinical features and diagnosis of equine joint disease ” . In Joint Disease in the Horse , Edited by: McIlwraith , CW and Trotter , GW . 120 – 145 . Philadelphia, , USA : WB Saunders .
  • Norrdin , RW , Kawcak , CE , Capwell , BA and McIlwraith , CW . 1998 . Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis . Bone , 22 : 133 – 139 .
  • Nugent , GE , Law , AW , Wong , EG , Temple , MM , Bae , WC , Chen , AC , Kawcak , CE and Sah , RL . 2004 . Site- and exercise-related variation in structure and function of cartilage from equine distal metacarpal condyle . Osteoarthritis and Cartilage , 12 : 826 – 833 .
  • Nunamaker , DM . 2002 . Relationships of exercise regimen and racetrack surface to modeling/remodeling of the third metacarpal bone in two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses . Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology , 15 : 195 – 199 .
  • Patterson-Kane , JC , Parry , DAD , Birch , HL , Goodship , AE and Firth , EC . 1997 . An agerelated study of morphology and cross-link composition of collagen fibrils in the digital flexor tendons of young Thoroughbred horses . Connective Tissue Research , 36 : 253 – 260 .
  • Pearce , SG , Firth , EC , Grace , ND and Fennessy , PF . 1998 . Effect of copper supplementation on the evidence of developmental orthopaedic disease in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds . Equine Veterinary Journal , 30 : 211 – 218 .
  • Perkins , NR , Rogers , CW , Firth , EC and Anderson , BH . 2004 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 3 In vivo ultrasonographic assessment of the cross-sectional area and echogenicity of the superficial digital flexor tendon . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 280 – 284 .
  • Perkins , NR , Reid , SWJ and Morris , RS . 2005 a . Profiling the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry. 2. Conditions interfering with training and racing . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 69 – 76 .
  • Perkins , NR , Reid , SWJ and Morris , RS . 2005 b . Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 171 – 183 .
  • Pool , RR . 1996 . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , : 87 – 104 .
  • Riggs , CM . 2002 . Fractures — A preventable hazard of racing Thoroughbreds? . Veterinary Journal , 163 : 19 – 29 .
  • Riggs , CM and Boyde , A . 1999 . Effect of exercise on bone density in distal regions of the equine third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 555 – 560 .
  • Rogers , CW and Firth , EC . 2004 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 2. Measurement error and effect of training stage on the relationship between objective and subjective criteria of training workload . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 272 – 279 .
  • Rogers , CW , Firth , EC and Anderson , BH . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 5. Kinematic effects . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 95 – 100 .
  • Secombe , CJ , Firth , EC , Perkins , NR , Bailey , D and Anderson , BH . 2004 . The quantitative assessment of photodensity of the third carpal bone in the horse . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 52 : 70 – 75 .
  • Sherman , KM , Miller , GJ , Wronski , TJ , Colahan , PT , Brown , M and Wilson , W . 1995 . The effect of training on equine metacarpal bone breaking strength . Equine Veterinary Journal , 27 : 135 – 139 .
  • Smith , RK , Birch , H , Patterson-Kane , J , Firth , EC , Williams , L , Cherdchutham , W , Van Weeren , WR van and Goodship , AE . 1999 . Should equine athletes commence training during skeletal development: changes in tendon matrix associated with development, ageing, function and exercise . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 201 – 209 .
  • SM , Pool , RR , Martin , RB and Morgan , JP . 1992 . Histological features of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone mid-diaphysis during postnatal growth in Thoroughbred horses . Journal of Anatomy , 181 ( Part 3 ) : 455 – 469 .
  • Van Schie , HTM van and Bakker , EM . 2000 . Structure-related echoes in ultrasonographic images of equine superficial digital flexor tendons . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 61 : 202 – 209 .
  • Van Schie , HTM van , Bakker , EM , Jonker , AM and Van Weeren , PR van . 2003 . Computerized ultrasonographic tissue characterization of equine superficial digital flexor tendons by means of stability quantification of echo patterns in contiguous transverse ultrasonographic images . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 64 : 366 – 375 .
  • Van Weeren , PR van and Brama , PAJ . 2003 . Equine joint disease in the light of new developments in articular cartilage research . Pferdeheilkunde , 19 : 336 – 342 .
  • Verheyen , KLP and Wood , JLN . 2004 . Descriptive epidemiology of fractures occurring in British Thoroughbred racehorses in training . Equine Veterinary Journal , 36 : 167 – 173 .
  • Willemen , MA , Jacobs , MWH and Schamhardt , HC . 1999 . In vitro transmission and attenuation of impact vibrations in the distal forelimb . Equine Veterinary Journal , : 245 – 248 .
  • Young , DR , Richardson , DW , Markel , MD and Nunamaker , DM . 1991 . Mechanical and morphometric analysis of the third carpal bone of Thoroughbreds . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 52 : 402 – 409 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.