Outcome of lag-screw treatment of incomplete fractures of the frontal plane of the radial facet of the third carpal bone in horses

References

• Anderson , JD , Tulleners , EP , Johnston , JK and Reeves , MJ . 1995 . Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy or staphylectomy for treatment of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in racehorses — 209 cases (1986–1991) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 206 : 1909 – 12 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyde , A and Firth , EC . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone . New ZealandVeterinary Journal , 53 : 123 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , EJ , Ross , MW and Parente , EJ . 2005 . Incomplete sagittal fracture of the talus in 11 racehorses: Outcome . Equine Veterinary Journal , 37 : 457 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Firth , EC and Rogers , CW . 2005 . Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 53 : 113 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth , EC , Delahunt , J , Wichtel , JW , Birch , HL and Goodship , AE . 1999 . Galloping exercise induces regional changes in bone density within the third and radial carpal bones of Thoroughbred horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 111 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , JF , Tulleners , EP , Ross , MW , Evans , LH and Raker , CW . 1997 . Laryngoplasty with or without ventriculectomy for treatment of left laryngeal hemiplegia in 230 racehorses . Veterinary Surgery , 26 : 484 – 91 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogan , PM and Bramlage , LR . 1995 . Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis — long-term results in 61 Standard-bred racehorses (1985-1992) . Equine Veterinary Journal , 27 : 221 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper , BJ , Steel , C , Richardson , JL , Alexander , GR and Robertson , ID . 2004 . Radiographic evaluation of sclerosis of the third carpal bone associated with exercise and the development of lameness in Standardbred racehorses . Equine Veterinary Journal , 36 : 441 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawcak , C . 2000 . Pathophysiology of equine joint disease . Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian , 22 ( 5A ) : 4 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Kawcak , CE , Bramlage , LR and Embertson , RM . 1995 . Diagnosis and management of incomplete fracture of the distal palmar aspect of the 3rd metacarpal bone in 5 . horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 206 : 335 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , JM , Ross , MW and Richardson , DW . 1999 . Post operative performance of racing Standardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fractures: 176 cases (1986–1993) . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 48 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markel , M . 1996 . Fracture healing and its noninvasive assessment , Edited by: Nixon , A . 19 – 29 . Philadelphia, , USA : WB Saunders . Equine Fracture Repair
   Google Scholar
• McIlwraith , CW , Yovich , JV and Martin , GS . 1987 . Arthroscopic surgery for the treatment of osteochondral chip fractures in the equine carpus . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 191 : 531 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore , RM and Schneider , RK . 1995 . Arthroscopic findings in the carpal joints of lame horses without radiographically visible abnormalities-41 cases (1986–1991) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 206 : 1741 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien , T . 1977 . Radiographic diagnosis of “,hidden“, lesions of the third carpal bone . American Association of Equine Practitioners , 23 : 343 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Pool , R . 1996 . “ Pathologic manifestations of joint disease in the athletic horse ” . In Joint Disease in the Horse , Edited by: McIlwraith , C and Trotter , G . 87 – 104 . Philadelphia, , USA : WB Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , MW . 2003 . “ Movement ” . In Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse , Edited by: Ross , MW and Dyson , SJ . 60 – 73 . Philadelphia, , USA : WB Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , MW , Richardson , DW and Beroza , GA . 1989 . Subchondral lucency of the 3rd carpal bone in Standardbred racehorses — 13 cases (1982–1988) . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association , 195 : 789 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruggles , A . 2006 . “ Carpus ” . In Equine Surgery , Edited by: Auer , J and Stick , J . 1253 – 66 . Missouri, , USA : Saunders Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , R , Bramlage , L , Gabel , A , Barone , L and Kantrowitz , B . 1988 . Incidence, location and classification of 371 third carpal bone fractures in 313 horses . Equine Veterinary Journal , (Supplement 6) : 33 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Specht , TE and Colahan , PT . 1990 . Osteostixis for incomplete cortical fracture of the 3rd metacarpal bone results in 11 horses . Veterinary Surgery , 19 : 34 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhlhorn , H and Carlsten , J . 1999 . Retrospective study of subchondral sclerosis and lucency in the third carpal bone of Standardbred trotters . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 500 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watt , BC , Foerner , JJ and Haines , GR . 1998 . Incomplete oblique sagittal fractures of the dorsal cortex of the third metacarpal bone in six horses . Veterinary Surgery , 27 : 337 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young , DR , Richardson , DW , Markel , MD and Nunamaker , DM . 1991 . Mechanical and morphometric analysis of the 3rd carpal bone of Thoroughbreds . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 52 : 402 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zekas , LJ , Bramlage , LR , Embertson , RM and Hance , SR . 1999 . Results of treatment of 145 fractures of the third metacarpal metatarsal condyles in 135 horses (1986–1994) . Equine Veterinary Journal , 31 : 309 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar