Quantitative risk assessment for the annual risk of exposure to Trichinella spiralis in imported chilled pork meat from New Zealand to Singapore

References

• Alban , L , Boes , J , Kreiner , H , Petersen , JV and Willeberg , P . 2008 . Towards risk-based surveillance for Trichinella spp. in Danish pig production . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 87 : 340 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Animal Products Act New Zealand Government Wellington, , NZ 1999
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous The NZPIB's Export Vision: Pork of New Zealand New Zealand Pork Industry Board Wellington, , NZ 2003
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Pork Production in New Zealand: Information for Potential Producers and Investors in the Pork Industry New Zealand Pork Industry Board Wellington, , NZ 2004 a
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Generic Import Risk Analysis (IRA) for Uncooked Pig Meat Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Biosecurity Australia Canberra, , Australia 2004 b
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Code of Hygienic Practice for Meat. CAC/RCP 58-2005 Codex Alimentarius, FAO/WHO Rome, , Italy 2005 www.codexalimentarius.net/download/standards/10196/CXP_058e.pdf (accessed 11 June 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous Singapore Resident Population, 2003-2007 Department of Statistics Singapore, , Singapore 2008 http://www.singstat. gov.sg/pubn/popn/respop.pdf (accessed 11 June 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , DD , Lynn , RC , Eberhard , ML and Alcaraz , A . 2003 . “ Helminths ” . In Georgis' Parasitology for Veterinarians , 8th Edtn , 222 – 224 . St Louis MO, , USA : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Cairns , GC . 1966 . The occurrence of Trichinella spiralis in New Zealand pigs rats, and cats . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 14 : 84 – 88 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassens , RG . 1966 . “ General aspects of postmortem changes ” . In The Physiology and Biochemistry of Muscle as a Food , Edited by: Briskey , EJ , Cassens , RG and Trautman , JC . 181 – 181 . Madison, , USA : University of Wisconsin Press . In:
   Google Scholar
• Clear , M and Morris , S . 2004 . Trichinella spiralis monitoring in pigs and horses . Surveillance , 31 ( 1 ) : 3 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Corwin , C . 1999 . “ Internal parasites ” . In Diseases of Swine , 8th Edtn , Edited by: Straw , BE . 906 – 906 . Iowa, , USA : Iowa State University Press . In:
   Google Scholar
• Enemark , HL , Bjorn , H , Henriksen , SA and Nielsen , B . 2000 . Screening for infection of Trichinella in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Denmark . Veterinary Parasitology , 88 : 229 – 237 .
   Google Scholar
• Foegeding , PM . 1997 . Driving predictive modelling on a risk assessment path for enhanced food safety . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 36 : 87 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Gajadhar , AA and Gamble , HR . 2000 . Historical perspectives and current global challenges of Trichinella and trichinellosis . Veterinary Parasitology , 93 : 183 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Gajadhar , A , Bisaillon , J and Appleyard , GD . 1997 . Status of Trichinella spiralis in domestic swine and wild boar in Canada . Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research , 61 : 256 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , HR and Bush , E . 1999 . Seroprevalence of Trichinella infection in domestic swine based on the National Animal Health Monitoring System's 1990 and 1995 swine surveys . Veterinary Parasitology , 80 : 303 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Gamble , HR , Brady , RC , Bulaga , LL , Berthoud , CL , Smith , WG , Detweiler , LA , Miller , LE and Lautner , EA . 1999 . Prevalence and risk association for Trichinella infection in domestic pigs in the northeastern United States . Veterinary Parasitology , 82 : 59 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiang , YP . 1998 . Trends in Food Consumption , Singapore, , Singapore : Singapore Department of Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , N . 2004 . OIE Handbook on Import Risk Analysis for Animals and Animal Products , Paris, , France : World Organisation for Animal Health .
   Google Scholar
• Murrell , KD and Pozio , E . 2000 . Trichinellosis: the zoonosis that won't go quietly . International Journal for Parasitology , 30 : 1339 – 1349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nockler , K , Pozio , E , Voigt , WP and Heidrich , J . 2000 . Detection of Trichinella infection in food animals . Veterinary Parasitology , 93 : 335 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Ortga-Pierres , MG , Arriaga , C , Yepez-Mulia , L Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Mexico and Central , and South America . Veterinary Parasitology . 93 , 201-225 2000dy] – 2000dy] .
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , K , Black , A and Reichel , MP . 1997 . Porcine trichinosis diagnosed in the Rotorua area . Surveillance , 24(4) : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Pozio , E . 2000 . Factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of Trichinella . Veterinary Parasitology , 93 : 241 – 262 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts , T , Murrell , KD and Marks , S . 1994 . Economic losses caused by food borne parasitic diseases . Parasitology Today , 10 : 419 – 423 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ros-Moreno , RM , Vazquez-Lopez , C , Gimenez-Pardo , C , de , Armas-Serra C and Rodriguez-Caabeiro , F . 2000 . A study of proteases throughout the life cycle of Trichinella spiralis . Folia Parasitologica , 47 : 49 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Schad , GA , Duffy , CH , Leiby , DA , Murrell , KD and Zirkle , EW . 1987 . Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem: transmission under natural and experimentally modified on-farm conditions . Journal of Parasitology , 73 : 95 – 102 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , HJ . 1975 . An evaluation of low temperature sterilization of trichinae infected pork . Canadian Journal of Companion Medicine , 39 : 316 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Thornton , R and King , C . 2004 . Trichinella spiralis disease investigation . Surveillance , 31 ( 1 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Torres , A and Goodman , A . 2003 . “ The Office International des Épizootics: Part I ” . In International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens , Edited by: Miliotis , MD and Bier , JW . 787 – 792 . New York, , USA : CRC Press . In
   Google Scholar
• Wakelin , D and Goyal , PK . 1996 . Trichinella isolates: Parasite variability and host responses . International Journal for Parasitology , 26 : 471 – 481 .
   Google Scholar