Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in very young calves in the North Island of New Zealand

References

• *Anonymous . 2009 . Notifiable and Other Diseases in New Zealand-2009 Annual Surveillance Report , Wellington , NZ : Environmental Science and Research .
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous . Meat Production (Slaughter) Statistics http://www.maf.govt.nz/news-resources/statistics-forecasting/meat-production-slaughter-statistics.aspx (accessed 21 September 2011). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, NZ, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , G L , Hollingsworth , J and Morris , J G . 1996 . Emerging foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world . Epidemiologic Reviews , 18 : 29 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , T M , Bosilevac , J M , Brichta-Harhay , D M , Guerini , M N , Kalchayanand , N and Shackelford , S D . 2007 . Transportation and lairage environment effects on prevalence, numbers, and diversity of Escherichia coli O157: H7 on hides and carcasses of beef cattle at processing . Journal of Food Protection , 70 : 280 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , T C and Gatrell , A C . 1995 . Interactive Spatial Data Analysis , Harlow , UK : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• *Baker , M , Eyles , R , Bennent , J , Nicol , C , Wong , W and Garrett , N . 1999 . “ Emergence of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in New Zealand ” . Wellington , NZ : Environmental Science and Research .
   Google Scholar
• Beam , A L , Lombard , J E , Kopral , C A , Garber , L P , Winter , A L and Hicks , J A . 2009 . Prevalence of failure of passive transfer of immunity in newborn heifer calves and associated management practices on US dairy operations . Journal of Dairy Science , 92 : 3973 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benschop , J , Stevenson , M A , Dahl , J , Morris , R S and French , N P . 2009 . Informing surveillance programmes by investigating spatial dependency of subclinical Salmonella infection . Epidemiology and Infection , 137 : 1348 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besser , T E , Shaikh , N , Holt , N J , Tarr , P I , Konkel , M E and Malik-Kale , P . 2007 . Greater diversity of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophage insertion sites among Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates from cattle than in those from humans . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 73 : 671 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilge , S S , Vary , J C , Dowell , S F and Tarr , P I . 1996 . Role of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 O side chain in adherence and analysis of an rfb locus . Infection and Immunity , 64 : 4795 – 801 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buncic , S and Avery , S M . 1997 . Escherichia coli O157:H7 in healthy dairy cows . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 45 : 45 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cavanagh , P D . 2003 . “ Exports ” . In New Zealand Official Yearbook , Edited by: Cavanagh , P D . 533 – 7 . Auckland , NZ : Statistics New Zealand, Te Tari Tatau, David Bateman Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Cookson , A L , Taylor , S CS and Attwood , G T . 2006 a . The prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle and sheep in the lower North Island, New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 54 : 28 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cookson , A L , Taylor , S CS , Bennett , J , Thomson-Carter , F and Attwood , G T . 2006 b . Serotypes and analysis of distribution of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from cattle and sheep in the lower North Island, New Zealand . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 54 : 78 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin , P M , Ostroff , S M , Tauxe , R V , Greene , K D , Wells , J G and Lewis , J H . 1988 . Illnesses associated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections - a broad clinical spectrum . Annals of Internal Medicine , 109 : 705 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyles , C L . 2007 . Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: An overview . Journal of Animal Science , 85 : E45 – E62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , D D , Besser , T E , Kinsel , M L , Tarr , P I , Rice , D H and Paros , M G . 1994 . The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy and beef-cattle in Washington state . Epidemiology and Infection , 113 : 199 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock , D D , Besser , T E , Rice , D H , Ebel , E D , Herriott , D E and Carpenter , L V . 1998 . Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlots and dairy farms in the northwestern USA . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 35 : 11 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuvelink , A E , van den Biggelaar , F , de Boer , E , Herbes , R G , Melchers , W JG , Huis , J HJ and In 'T Veld . 1998 . Isolation and characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 strains from Dutch cattle and sheep . Journal of Clinical Microbiology , 36 : 878 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibekwe , A M , Watt , P M , Grieve , C M , Sharma , V K and Lyons , S R . 2002 . Multiplex fluorogenic real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in dairy wastewater wetlands . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 68 : 4853 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Broseta , S , Bastian , S N , Arne , P D , Cerf , O and Sanaa , M . 2001 . Review of epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of contamination of healthy cattle with Escherichia coli serogroup O157:H7 . International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health , 203 : 347 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paiba , G A , Wilesmith , J W , Evans , S J , Pascoe , S JS , Smith , R P and Kidd , S A . 2003 . Prevalence of faecal excretion of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 in cattle in England and Wales . Veterinary Record , 153 : 347 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perelle , S , Dilasser , F , Grout , J L and Fach , P . 2004 . Detection by 5′-nuclease PCR of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O26, O55, O91, O103, O111, O113, O145 and O157: H7, associated with the world's most frequent clinical cases . Molecular and Cellular Probes , 18 : 185 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradel , N , Bertin , Y , Martin , C and Livrelli , V . 2008 . Molecular analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from hemolytic-uremic syndrome patients and dairy samples in France . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 74 : 2118 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick , S A , Wilson , J B , Clarke , R C , Lior , H , Borczyk , A A and Spika , J . 1993 . Evidence of direct transmission of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infection between calves and a human . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 168 : 792 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley , L W , Remis , R S , Helgerson , S D , McGee , H B , Wells , J G and Davis , B R . 1983 . Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype . New England Journal of Medicine , 308 : 681 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley , D G , Gray , J T , Loneragan , G H , Barling , K S and Chase , C C . 2003 . Escherichia coli O157: H7 prevalence in fecal samples of cattle from a southeastern beef cow-calf herd . Journal of Food Protection , 66 : 1778 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley , B D . 1976 . The second-order analysis of stationary point processes . Journal of Applied Probability , 13 : 255 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugbjerg , H , Nielsen , E M and Andersen , J S . 2003 . Risk factors associated with faecal shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in eight known-infected Danish dairy herds . Preventive Veterinary Medicine , 58 : 101 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Sanson , R and Pearson , A . AgriBase - a national spatial farm database . Epidemiologie et Sante Animale . *Non-peer-reviewed
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , V K and Dean-Nystrom , E A . 2003 . Detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 by using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for genes encoding intimin and Shiga toxins . Veterinary Microbiology , 93 : 247 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass , D R , Fahey , K J , Wells , P W , Campbell , I and Whitelaw , A . 1980 . Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections-maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G1 antibody secretion in milk . Infection and Immunity , 28 : 344 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan , A , Scaramagli , S , Bergami , R , Mazzini , C , Barbanera , M and Perelle , S . 2007 . Real-time PCR and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay methods for detecting Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in mincemeat samples . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 53 : 337 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Synge , B A , Chase-Topping , M E , Hopkins , G F , McKendrick , I J , Thomson-Carter , F and Gray , D . 2003 . Factors influencing the shedding of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 by beef suckler cows . Epidemiology and Infection , 130 : 301 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Diemen , P M , Dziva , F , Abu-Median , A , Wallis , T S , van den Bosch , H and Dougan , G . 2007 . Subunit vaccines based on intimin and Efa-1 polypeptides induce humoral immunity in cattle but do not protect against intestinal colonisation by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157: H7 or O26 : H . Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology , 116 : 47 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar