A review of equid herpesvirus 1 for the veterinary practitioner. Part B: pathogenesis and epidemiology

References

• Allen GP. Antemortem detection of latent infection with neuropathogenic strains of equine herpesvirus-1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 1401–5, 2006 doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.8.1401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen GP. Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69, 1595–600, 2008 doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Allen GPK, Kydd JH, Slater JD, Smith KC. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections. In: Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds). Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Volume 2. Pp 829–59. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Allen GP, Bolin DC, Bryant U, Carter CN, Giles RC, Harrison LR, Hong CB, Jackson CB, Poonacha K, Wharton R, et al. Prevalence of latent, neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus-1 in the Thoroughbred broodmare population of central Kentucky. Equine Veterinary Journal 40, 105–10, 2008 doi: 10.2746/042516408X253127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambagala AP, Gopinath RS, Srikumaran S. Peptide transport activity of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is inhibited by an early protein of equine herpesvirus-1. Journal of General Virology 85, 349–53, 2004 doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19563-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy case inconclusive. Surveillance 38 (1), 35–6, 2011a
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Equine Herpesvirus (EHV-1) - FINAL Situation Report June 23, 2011. USDA A (ed). http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/nahss/equine/ehv/ehv_2011_final_sitrep_062311.pdf, (accessed 15 February 2014), United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USA, 2011b
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. National list of notifiable animal diseases. http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health/pests-diseases-weeds/animal/notifiable (accessed 15 February 2014), Department of Agriculture, Canberra, Australia, 2013
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Equine rhinopneumonitis – New Zealand. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=14713 (accessed 16 February 2014) ProMED-mail. International Society for Infectious Disease, USA, 2014
   Google Scholar
• Azab W, Osterrieder N. Glycoproteins D of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 determine cellular tropism independently of integrins. Journal of Virology 86, 2031–44, 2012 doi: 10.1128/JVI.06555-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azab W, Lehmann MJ, Osterrieder N. Glycoprotein H and alpha4beta1 integrins determine the entry pathway of alphaherpesviruses. Journal of Virology 87, 5937–48, 2013 doi: 10.1128/JVI.03522-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbic L, Lojkic I, Stevanovic V, Bedekovic T, Staresina V, Lemo N, Lojkic M, Madic J. Two outbreaks of neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 with breed-dependent clinical signs. Veterinary Record 170, 227, 2012 doi: 10.1136/vr.100150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JA, Mapes S, Ball BA, Hodder AD, Liu IK, Pusterla N. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 infection among Thoroughbreds residing on a farm on which the virus was endemic. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231, 577–80, 2007 doi: 10.2460/javma.231.4.577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, Lohmann K, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Morley PS. Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 26, 384–92, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00885.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Burrows R. The general virology of the herpesvirus group. In: Bryans JT, Gerber H (eds). Equine infectious diseases II Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Equine Infectious Diseases. Pp 1–12. Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1970
   Google Scholar
• Carrigan M, Cosgrove P, Kirkland P, Sabine M. An outbreak of Equid herpesvirus abortion in New South Wales. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 108–10, 1991 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02732.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesters PM, Allsop R, Purewal A, Edington N. Detection of latency-associated transcripts of equid herpesvirus 1 in equine leukocytes but not in trigeminal ganglia. Journal of Virology 71, 3437–43, 1997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury SI, Ludwig H, Buhk HJ. Molecular biological characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) isolates from ruminant hosts. Virus Research 11, 127–39, 1988 doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(88)90038-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus). Advances in Virus Research 45, 153–90, 1995 doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60060-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabb BS, Macpherson CM, Reubel GH, Browning GF, Studdert MJ, Drummer HE. A type-specific serological test to distinguish antibodies to equine herpesviruses 4 and 1. Archives of Virology 140, 245–58, 1995 doi: 10.1007/BF01309860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowhurst FA, Dickinson G, Burrows R. An outbreak of paresis in mares and geldings associated with equid herpesvirus 1. Veterinary Record 109, 527–8, 1981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cuxson J, Hartley CA, Devlin JM, Gilkerson JR. Equine herpesvirus mutants and CNS disease. Australian Equine Veterinarian 30, 65, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Cuxson JL, Hartley CA, Ficorilli NP, Symes SJ, Devlin JM, Gilkerson JR. Comparing the genetic diversity of ORF30 of Australian isolates of 3 equid alphaherpesviruses. Veterinary Microbiology 169, 50–7, 2014 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davison AJ, Eberle R, Ehlers B, Hayward GS, Mcgeoch DJ, Minson AC, Pellett PE, Roizman B, Studdert MJ, Thiry E. The order Herpesvirales. Archives of Virology 154, 171–7, 2009 doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0278-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll ER, McCollum WH, Bryans JT, Crowe ME. Effect of physical and chemical environment on the viability of equine rhinopneumonitis virus propagated in hamsters. Cornell Veterinarian 49, 75–81, 1959
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Donald JJ. Epidemiology and diagnosis of equid herpesviruses 1 and 4 in horses in New Zealand. PhD thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Dunowska M. A review of equid herpesvirus 1 for the veterinary practitioner. Part A: Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. New Zealand Veterinary Journal doi: 10.1080/00480169.2014.899945, 2014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunowska M, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, Meers J. Equine respiratory viruses in foals in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, 140–7, 2002a doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunowska M, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, Meers J. Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 50, 132–9, 2002b doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington N, Bridges CG, Huckle A. Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids. Equine Veterinary Journal 17, 369–72, 1985 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02524.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington N, Bridges CG, Patel JR. Endothelial cell infection and thrombosis in paralysis caused by equid herpesvirus-1 equine stroke. Archives of Virology 90, 111–24, 1986 doi: 10.1007/BF01314149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edington N, Welch HM, Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 26, 140–2, 1994 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04353.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine Veterinary Journal 36, 341–5, 2004 doi: 10.2746/0425164044890634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, Wellington JE, Whalley JM. EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 111, 41–6, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friday PA, Scarratt WK, Elvinger F, Timoney PJ, Bonda A. Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14, 197–201, 2000 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02236.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frymus T, Kita J, Woyciechowska S, Ganowicz M. Foetal and neonatal foal losses on equine herpesvirus type 1(EHV-1) infected farms before and after EHV-1 vaccination was introduced. Polskie Archiwum Weterynaryjne (Polish Veterinary Archives) 26, 7–14, 1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gardiner DW, Lunn DP, Goehring LS, Chiang YW, Cook C, Osterrieder N, Mccue P, Del Piero F, Hussey SB, Hussey GS. Strain impact on equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) abortion models: Viral loads in fetal and placental tissues and foals. Vaccine 30, 6564–72, 2012 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson JS, Slater JD, Awan AR, Field HJ. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 in specific pathogen-free foals: primary and secondary infections and reactivation. Archives of Virology 123, 351–66, 1992a doi: 10.1007/BF01317269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson JS, Slater JD, Field HJ. The pathogenicity of Ab4p, the sequenced strain of equine herpesvirus-1, in specific pathogen-free foals. Virology 189, 317–9, 1992b doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90707-V
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilkerson JR, Love DN, Whalley JM. Serological evidence of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection in Thoroughbred foals 30–120 days of age. Australian Equine Veterinarian 15, 128–34, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiology of EHV-1 and EHV-4 in the mare and foal populations on a Hunter Valley stud farm: are mares the source of EHV-1 for unweaned foals. Veterinary Microbiology 68, 27–34, 1999a doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00058-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997. Veterinary Microbiology 68, 15–25, 1999b doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00057-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilkerson JR, Love DN, Whalley JM. Incidence of equine herpesvirus 1 infection in thoroughbred weanlings on two stud farms. Australian Veterinary Journal 78, 277–8, 2000 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11757.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glorieux S, Bachert C, Favoreel HW, Vandekerckhove AP, Steukers L, Rekecki A, Van Den Broeck W, Goossens J, Croubels S, Clayton RF, et al. Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetrates the basement membrane in human nasal respiratory mucosa. PLoS One 6, e22160, 2011 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goehring LS, Van Winden SC, Van Maanen C, Sloet Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Equine herpesvirus type 1-associated myeloencephalopathy in The Netherlands: a four-year retrospective study (1999–2003). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20, 601–7, 2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goehring LS, Van Maanen C, Berendsen M, Cullinane A, De Groot RJ, Rottier PJ, Wesselingh JJ, Sloet Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Experimental infection with neuropathogenic equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in adult horses. Veterinary Journal 186, 180–7, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palu G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, et al. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity. PLoS Pathogens 3, e160, 2007 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryspeerdt AC, Vandekerckhove AP, Garre B, Barbe F, Van De Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Differences in replication kinetics and cell tropism between neurovirulent and non-neurovirulent EHV1 strains during the acute phase of infection in horses. Veterinary Microbiology 142, 242–53, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley CA, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, Gilkerson JR. Comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66, 921–8, 2005 doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henninger RW, Reed SM, Saville WJ, Allen GP, Hass GF, Kohn CW, Sofaly C. Outbreak of neurologic disease caused by equine herpesvirus-1 at a university equestrian center. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 21, 157–65, 2007 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02942.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Horner GW. Infectious disease status of New Zealand horses. Surveillance 16(2), 14–6, 1989
   Google Scholar
• Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, Lunn DP. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 18, 335–42, 2006 doi: 10.1177/104063870601800403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Julian AF. Equine abortions in New Zealand between 1974 and 1990. Surveillance 19(1), 24–5, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Kehm R, Rosen-Wolff A, Darai G. Restitution of the UL56 gene expression of HSV-1 HFEM led to restoration of virulent phenotype; deletion of the amino acids 217 to 234 of the UL56 protein abrogates the virulent phenotype. Virus Research 40, 17–31, 1996 doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)80248-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppers-Lalic D, Verweij MC, Lipinska AD, Wang Y, Quinten E, Reits EA, Koch J, Loch S, Marcondes Rezende M, Daus F, et al. Varicellovirus UL 49.5 proteins differentially affect the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing, TAP. PLoS Pathogens 4, e1000080, 2008 doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz BM, Singletary LB, Kelly SD, Frampton AR Jr. Equus caballus major histocompatibility complex class I is an entry receptor for equine herpesvirus type 1. Journal of Virology 84, 9027–34, 2010 doi: 10.1128/JVI.00287-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kydd JH, Slater J, Osterrieder N, Lunn DP, Antczak DF, Azab W, Balasuriya U, Barnett C, Brosnahan M, Cook C, et al. Third international Havemeyer workshop on equine herpesvirus type 1. Equine Veterinary Journal 44, 513–7, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00604.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJBF, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HGG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, 450–61, 2009 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma G, Feineis S, Osterrieder N, Van De Walle GR. Identification and characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 and its role in virus-induced downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I. Journal of Virology 86, 3554–63, 2012 doi: 10.1128/JVI.06994-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Maanen C, Vreeswijk J, Moonen P, Brinkhof J, De Boer-Luijtze E, Terpstra C. Differentiation and genomic and antigenic variation among fetal, respiratory, and neurological isolates from EHV1 and EHV4 infections in The Netherlands. Veterinary Quarterly 22, 88–93, 2000 doi: 10.1080/01652176.2000.9695031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Maanen C, Sloet Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Damen EA, Derksen AG. Neurological disease associated with EHV-1-infection in a riding school: clinical and virological characteristics. Equine Veterinary Journal 33, 191–6, 2001 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00600.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrearty K, Murray A, Dunowska M. A survey of respiratory viruses in New Zealand horses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 61(5), 254–61, 2013 doi: 10.1080/00480169.2012.745211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCartan CG, Russell MM, Wood JL, Mumford JA. Clinical, serological and virological characteristics of an outbreak of paresis and neonatal foal disease due to equine herpesvirus-1 on a stud farm. Veterinary Record 136, 7–12, 1995 doi: 10.1136/vr.136.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Buddaert W, Pensaert MB. Replication of equine herpesvirus type 1 in freshly isolated equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and changes in susceptibility following mitogen stimulation. Journal of General Virology 81, 21–5, 2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meulen KM, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB. Mitogen stimulation favours replication of equine herpesvirus-1 in equine blood mononuclear cells by inducing cell proliferation and formation of close intercellular contacts. Journal of General Virology 82, 1951–7, 2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Meulen K, Caij B, Pensaert M, Nauwynck H. Absence of viral envelope proteins in equine herpesvirus 1-infected blood mononuclear cells during cell-associated viremia. Veterinary Microbiology 113, 265–73, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Moer A, Rice M, Wilks CR. A type-specific conformational epitope on the nucleocapsid of equid herpesvirus-1 and its use in diagnosis. Archives of Virology 132, 133–44, 1993 doi: 10.1007/BF01309848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montali RJ, Allen GP, Bryans JT, Phillips LG, Bush M. Equine herpesvirus type 1 abortion in an onager and suspected herpesvirus myelitis in a zebra. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 187, 1248–9, 1985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford JA. The epidemiology of equid herpesvirus abortion: a tantalizing mystery. Equine Veterinary Journal 23, 77–8, 1991 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02723.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noronha LE, Antczak DF. Modulation of T-cell reactivity during equine pregnancy is antigen independent. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 68, 107–15, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01154.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks. Journal of Virology 80, 4047–60, 2006 doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterrieder N, Van De Walle GR. Pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: the importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome. Veterinary Microbiology 143, 21–8, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel JR, Edington N, Mumford JA. Variation in cellular tropism between isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 in foals. Archives of Virology 74, 41–51, 1982 doi: 10.1007/BF01320781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Dubovi EJ, Kim SG, Osterrieder N. Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 in nasal swabs of horses by quantitative real-time PCR. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22, 1234–8, 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0172.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins GA, Goodman LB, Tsujimura K, Van De Walle GR, Kim SG, Dubovi EJ, Osterrieder N. Investigation of the prevalence of neurologic equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) in a 23-year retrospective analysis (1984–2007). Veterinary Microbiology 139, 375–8, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronost S, Cook RF, Fortier G, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Relationship between equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy and viral genotype. Equine Veterinary Journal 42, 672–4, 2010 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00307.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusterla N, Hussey SB, Mapes S, Leutenegger CM, Madigan JE, Ferraro GL, Wilson WD, Lunn DP. Comparison of four methods to quantify Equid herpesvirus 1 load by real-time polymerase chain reaction in nasal secretions of experimentally and naturally infected horses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21, 836–40, 2009 doi: 10.1177/104063870902100611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusterla N, Hussey SB, Mapes S, Johnson C, Collier JR, Hill J, Lunn DP, Wilson WD. Molecular investigation of the viral kinetics of equine herpesvirus-1 in blood and nasal secretions of horses after corticosteroid-induced recrudescence of latent infection. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 24, 1153–7, 2010a doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0554.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wilson WD. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus type 1 in trigeminal ganglia and submandibular lymph nodes of equids examined postmortem. Veterinary Record 167, 376–8, 2010b doi: 10.1136/vr.c3748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusterla N, Mapes S, David Wilson W. Prevalence of latent alpha-herpesviruses in Thoroughbred racing horses. Veterinary Journal 193, 579–82, 2012a doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusterla N, Mapes S, Wademan C, White A, Estell K, Swain E. Investigation of the role of mules as silent shedders of EHV-1 during an outbreak of EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy in California. Veterinary Record 170, 465, 2012b doi: 10.1136/vr.100598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappocciolo G, Birch J, Ellis SA. Down-regulation of MHC class I expression by equine herpesvirus-1. Journal of General Virology 84, 293–300, 2003 doi: 10.1099/vir.0.18612-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebhun WC, Jenkins DH, Riis RC, Dill SG, Dubovi EJ, Torres A. An epizootic of blindness and encephalitis associated with a herpesvirus indistinguishable from equine herpesvirus I in a herd of alpacas and llamas. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 192, 953–6, 1988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed SM, Toribio RE. Equine herpesvirus 1 and 4. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice 20, 631–42, 2004 doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabine M, Feilen C, Herbert L, Jones RF, Lomas SW, Love DN, Wild J. Equine herpesvirus abortion in Australia 1977 to 1982. Equine Veterinary Journal 15, 366–70, 1983 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01825.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Slater J. Equine herpesviruses. In: Sellon DC, Long MT (eds). Equine Infectious Diseases. Pp. 134–53. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Slater JD, Borchers K, Thackray AM, Field HJ. The trigeminal ganglion is a location for equine herpesvirus 1 latency and reactivation in the horse. Journal of General Virology 75, 2007–16, 1994 doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-8-2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KC, Borchers K. A study of the pathogenesis of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) abortion by DNA in-situ hybridization. Journal of Comparative Pathology 125, 304–10, 2001 doi: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DJ, Iqbal J, Purewal A, Hamblin AS, Edington N. In vitro reactivation of latent equid herpesvirus-1 from CD5+/CD8+ leukocytes indirectly by IL-2 or chorionic gonadotrophin. Journal of General Virology 79, 2997–3004, 1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KC, Whitwell KE, Mumford JA, Hannant D, Blunden AS, Tearle JP. Virulence of the V592 isolate of equid herpesvirus-1 in ponies. Journal of Comparative Pathology 122, 288–97, 2000 doi: 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DJ, Hamblin AS, Edington N. Infection of endothelial cells with equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) occurs where there is activation of putative adhesion molecules: a mechanism for transfer of virus. Equine Veterinary Journal 33, 138–42, 2001 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00591.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KL, Allen GP, Branscum AJ, Frank Cook R, Vickers ML, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. The increased prevalence of neuropathogenic strains of EHV-1 in equine abortions. Veterinary Microbiology 141, 5–11, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soboll-Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van De Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Veterinary Research 42, 23, 2011 doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studdert MJ, Simpson T, Roizman B. Differentiation of respiratory and abortigenic isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 by restriction endonucleases. Science 214, 562–4, 1981 doi: 10.1126/science.6270790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studdert MJ, Fitzpatrick DR, Horner GW, Westbury HA, Gleeson LJ. Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates. Australian Veterinary Journal 61, 345–8, 1984 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07152.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studdert MJ, Hartley CA, Dynon K, Sandy JR, Slocombe RF, Charles JA, Milne ME, Clarke AF, El-Hage C. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody detection ELISA. Veterinary Record 153, 417–23, 2003 doi: 10.1136/vr.153.14.417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tearle JP, Smith KC, Boyle MS, Binns MM, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA. Replication of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the testes and epididymides of ponies and venereal shedding of infectious virus. Journal of Comparative Pathology 115, 385–97, 1996 doi: 10.1016/S0021-9975(96)80073-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tearle JP, Smith KC, Platt AJ, Hannant D, Davis-Poynter NJ, Mumford JA. In vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4. Research in Veterinary Science 75, 83–6, 2003 doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(03)00031-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thormann N, Van De Walle GR, Azab W, Osterrieder N. The role of secreted glycoprotein G of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) in immune modulation and virulence. Virus Research 169, 203–11, 2012 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandekerckhove AP, Glorieux S, Gryspeerdt AC, Steukers L, Duchateau L, Osterrieder N, Van De Walle GR, Nauwynck HJ. Replication kinetics of neurovirulent versus non-neurovirulent equine herpesvirus type 1 strains in equine nasal mucosal explants. Journal of General Virology 91, 2019–28, 2010 doi: 10.1099/vir.0.019257-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch HM, Bridges CG, Lyon AM, Griffiths L, Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues. Journal of General Virology 73, 261–8, 1992 doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilsterman S, Soboll-Hussey G, Lunn DP, Ashton LV, Callan RJ, Hussey SB, Rao S, Goehring LS. Equine herpesvirus-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations during viremia. Veterinary Microbiology 149, 40–7, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimer CL, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type-1 modulates CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10 chemokine expression. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 140, 266–74, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff PL, Meehan TP, Basgall EJ, Allen GP, Sundberg JP. Abortion and perinatal foal mortality associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 in a herd of Grevy's zebra. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 189, 1185–6, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaichick SV, Bohannon KP, Smith GA. Alphaherpesviruses and the cytoskeleton in neuronal infections. Viruses 3, 941–81, 2011 doi: 10.3390/v3070941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar