Positive animal welfare states and reference standards for welfare assessment

References

• *Anonymous. Animal welfare (Zoos) code of welfare 2005. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, NZ, 2005
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Farm animal welfare in great Britain: Past, present and future. Farm Animal Welfare Council, London, UK, 2009
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. European Communities (Welfare of Farmed Animals) Regulations (Statutory Instrument No. 311 of 2010). The Statutory Office, Government Publications Sale Office, Dublin, Ireland, 2010a
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Animal welfare (Pigs) code of welfare 2010. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ, 2010b
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Environmental enhancement to promote psychological well-being. In: Subsection A – Animal Welfare, Title 9 – Animals and Animal Products, Code of Federal Regulations. Pp 78–9. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA, 2011
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Animal welfare (Layer Hens) code of welfare 2012. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ, 2012
   Google Scholar
• *Anonymous. Animal welfare (Layer Hen) amendment notice 2013. National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, NZ, 2013
   Google Scholar
• *Arnold NA, Matthews LR. Measuring what animals “really want”: Implications for welfare on dairy farms. Proceedings 4th Australasian Dairy Science Symposium. Pp 444–7, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Balcombe JP. Laboratory environments and rodents’ behavioural needs: A review. Laboratory Animals 40, 217–35, 2006 doi: 10.1258/002367706777611488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Beausoleil NJ, Mellor DJ. Complementary roles for systematic analytical evaluation and qualitative whole animal profiling in welfare assessment for Three Rs applications. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (ALTEX) 29 (Special Issue), 455–60, 2012
   Google Scholar
• Beausoleil NJ, Blache D, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Noble ADL. Exploring the basis of divergent selection for temperament in sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109, 261–74, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Beausoleil NJ, Fisher P, Mellor DJ, Warburton B. Ranking the negative impacts of wildlife control methods may help to advance the Three Rs. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (ALTEX) 29 (Special Issue), 481–5, 2012a
   Google Scholar
• Beausoleil NJ, Blache D, Stafford KJ, Mellor DJ, Noble ADL. Selection for temperament: Domain-general and context specific traits. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 139, 74–85, 2012b doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Berdoy M. Making decisions in the wild: Constraints, conflicts and communication in foraging rats. In: Galef BG Jr, Mainardi M, Valsechhi P (eds). Behavioural Aspects of Feeding. Ettore Majorana International Life Science Series 12. Pp 280–313. Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Bethell EJ, Holmes A, MacLarnon A, Semple S. Cognitive bias in a non-human primate: Husbandry procedures influence cognitive indicators of psychological well-being in captive rhesus macaques. Animal Welfare 21, 185–95, 2012 doi: 10.7120/09627286.21.2.185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boissy A, Manteuffel G, Jensen MB, Moe RO, Spruijt B, Keeling LJ, Winckler C, Forkman B, Dimitrov I, Langbein J et al. Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology and Behavior 92, 375–97, 2007 doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Broom DM, Fraser AF. Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare. 4th Edtn. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2007
   Google Scholar
• Claxton AM. The potential of the human-animal relationship as an environmental enrichment for the welfare of zoo-housed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 133, 1–10, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins MS. From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness and animal welfare. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, 1–61, 1990 doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00077104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins MS. Evolution and animal welfare. Quarterly Review of Biology 73, 305–28, 1998 doi: 10.1086/420307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins MS. Through the eyes of animals: What behaviour tells us. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 4–10, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deag JM. Behavioural ecology and the welfare of extensively farmed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49, 9–22, 1996 doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00663-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas C, Bateson M, Walsh C, Bédué A, Edwards SA. Environmental enrichment induces optimistic cognitive biases in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 139, 65–73, 2012 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle RE, Fisher AD, Hinch GN, Boissy A, Lee C. Release from restraint generates a positive judgement bias in sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 122, 28–34, 2010a doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle RE, Vidal S, Hinch GN. The effect of repeated testing on judgement biases in sheep. Behavioural Processes 83, 349–52, 2010b doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2010.01.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle RE, Lee C, Deiss V. Measuring judgement bias and emotional reactivity in sheep following long-term exposure to unpredictable and aversive events. Physiology and Behavior 102, 503–10, 2011 doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser D. Assessing animal welfare at the farm and group level: The interplay of science and values. Animal Welfare 12, 433–43, 2003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser D. Understanding animal welfare. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 50 (Supplement 1), 1–7, 2008a doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-50-S1-S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Fraser D. Understanding Animal Welfare: The Science in its Cultural Context. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2008b
   Google Scholar
• *Fraser D, Matthews LR. Preference and motivation testing. In: Appleby MC, Hughes BO (eds). Animal Welfare. Pp 159–73. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Green TC, Mellor DJ. Extending ideas about animal welfare assessment to include “quality of life” and related concepts. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 59, 316–24, 2011 doi: 10.1080/00480169.2011.610283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall PE, Nielsen PP, Webster JR, Verkerk GA, Littlejohn RP, Matthews LR. The effects of providing shade to lactating dairy cows in a temperate climate. Livestock Science 103, 148–57, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.02.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkden RD, Edwards JSS, Broom DM. A theoretical comparison of the consumer surplus and the elasticities of demand as measures of motivational strength. Animal Behaviour 65, 157–78, 2003 doi: 10.1006/anbe.2002.2035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkden RD, Pajor EA. Using preference, motivation and aversion tests to ask scientific questions about animals’ feelings. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 29–47, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koistinen T, Orjala H, Mononen J, Korhonen HT. Position of operant cost affects blue foxes’ time budget between sand floor and mesh floor. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 116, 266–72, 2009a doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koistinen T, Jauhiainen L, Korhonen HT. Relative value of a nest box, sand floor and extra space during the breeding season in adult blue fox males. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 120, 192–200, 2009b doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason GJ, Latham N. Can't stop, won't stop: Is stereotypy a reliable animal welfare indicator? Animal Welfare 13, 57–69, 2004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mason G, Rushen J. Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Implications for Animal Welfare. 2nd Edtn. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Mason GJ, Cooper JJ, Clarebrough C. Frustrations of fur-farmed mink. Nature 410, 35–36, 2001 doi: 10.1038/35065157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason G, Clubb R, Latham N, Vickery S. Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102, 163–88, 2007 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masterton-Gibbons M, Dugatkin LA. Towards a theory of dominance hierarchies: Effects of assessment, group size and variation in fighting ability. Behavioral Ecology 6, 416–23, 1995 doi: 10.1093/beheco/6.4.416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews LR, Ladewig J. Stimulus requirements of housed pigs assessed by behavioural demand functions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, 365–83, 1987 doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(87)90164-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mellor DJ. Comprehensive assessment of harms caused by experimental, teaching and testing procedures on live animals. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 32 (Supplement 1), 453–7, 2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ. Animal emotions, behaviour and the promotion of positive welfare states. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 60, 1–8, 2012a doi: 10.1080/00480169.2011.619047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mellor DJ. Affective states and the assessment of laboratory-induced animal welfare impacts. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (ALTEX) 29 (Special Issue), 445–9, 2012b
   Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ. Enhancing animal welfare by creating opportunities for positive affective engagement. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63, 3–8, 2015a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ. Positive animal welfare states and encouraging environment-focused and animal-to-animal interactive behaviours. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 63, 9–16, 2015b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mellor DJ, Bayvel ACD. Application of legislation, scientific guidelines and codified standards to advancing animal welfare. In: Global Conference on Animal Welfare: An OIE initiative. Pp 249–59, Proceedings of an OIE Conference, Paris, France, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ, Bayvel ACD. New Zealand's inclusive science-based system for setting animal welfare standards. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 113, 313–29, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mellor DJ, Reid CSW. Concepts of animal well-being and predicting the impact of procedures on experimental animals. In: Baker R, Jenkin G, Mellor DJ (eds). Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment. Pp 3–18. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Integrating practical, regulatory and ethical strategies for enhancing farm animal welfare. Australian Veterinary Journal 79, 762–8, 2001 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10895.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mellor DJ, Patterson-Kane E, Stafford KJ. The Sciences of Animal Welfare. Pp 3–94. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Mendl M, Burman OHP, Parker RMA, Paul ES. Cognitive bias as an indicator of animal emotion and welfare: Emerging evidence and underlying mechanisms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118, 161–81, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendl M, Brooks J, Basse C, Burman O, Paul E, Blackwell E, Casey R. Dogs showing separation-related behaviour exhibit a “pessimistic” cognitive bias. Current Biology 20, R839–40, 2010a doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendl M, Burman OHP, Paul ES. An integrative and functional framework to the study of animal emotion and mood. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, 2895–904, 2010b doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newberry RC, Swanson JC. Implications of breaking mother-young social bonds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 110, 2–23, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp J. Feeling the pain of social loss. Science 302, 237–9, 2003 doi: 10.1126/science.1091062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp J. Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Consciousness and Cognition 14, 30–80, 2005 doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp J. Affective neuroscience of the emotional brainmind: Evolutionary perspectives and implications for understanding depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 112, 383–99, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Paul ES, Harding EJ, Mendl M. Measuring emotional processes in animals: The utility of a cognitive approach. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29, 469–91, 2005 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Portas T. Achieving positive animal welfare outcomes in zoos and aquariums. In: When coping is not enough: Promoting positive welfare states in animals. Pp 46–50. RSPCA Scientific Seminar 2013 Proceedings, RSPCA Australia, Canberra, 2013
   Google Scholar
• Richter SH, Garner JP, Auer C, Kunert J, Würbel H. Systematic variation improves reproducibility of animal experiments. Nature Methods 7, 167–8, 2010 doi: 10.1038/nmeth0310-167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rolls ET. Emotion Explained. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2007
   Google Scholar
• *Sharp T, Saunders G. A model for assessing the relative humaneness of pest animal control methods. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Spinka M. How important is natural behaviour in animal farming systems? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 100, 117–28, 2006 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Stevenson M. The captive environment: Its effect on exploratory and related behavioural responses in wild animals. In: Archer J, Birke L (eds). Exploration in Animals and Humans. Pp 176–97. Nan Nostrand Reinhold, Wokingham, UK, 1983
   Google Scholar
• *Wathes C. Lives worth living? Veterinary Record 166, 468–9, 2010 doi: 10.1136/vr.c849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Webster J. Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 1994
   Google Scholar
• *Webster J. Management and Welfare of Farm Animals: UFAW Farm Handbook. 5th Edtn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler B. Normal behaviour as a basis for animal welfare assessment. Animal Welfare 16, 107–10, 2007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler B. Floor quality and space allowance in intensive beef production: a review. Animal Welfare 20, 487–503, 2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemelsfelder F. The scientific validity of subjective concepts in models of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53, 75–88, 1997 doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01152-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemelsfelder F. How animals communicate quality of life: The qualitative assessment of behaviour. Animal Welfare 16 (Supplement 1), 25–31, 2007
   Google Scholar
• *Wemelsfelder F, Birke L. Environmental challenge. In: Appleby MC, Hughes BO (eds). Animal Welfare. Pp 35–47. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Wemelsfelder F, Hunter TEA, Mendl MT, Lawrence AB. Assessing the “whole animal”: A free choice profiling approach. Animal Behaviour 62, 209–20, 2001 doi: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widowski TM, Duncan IJH. Working for a dustbath: Are hens increasing pleasure rather than reducing suffering? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 68, 39–53, 2000 doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00088-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Williams VM, Mellor DJ, Marbrook J. Revision of a scale for assessing the severity of live animal manipulations. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (ALTEX) 23 (Special Issue), 163–19, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Wood-Gush DGM, Vestergaard K. Exploratory behavior and the welfare of intensively kept animals. Journal of Agricultural Ethics 2, 161–9, 1989 doi: 10.1007/BF01826929
   Google Scholar
• Yeates JW. Is “a life worth living” a concept worth having? Animal Welfare 20, 397–406, 2011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeates JW, Main DCJ. Assessment of positive welfare: A review. The Veterinary Journal 175, 293–300, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar