2,414
Views
83
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Introducing breathlessness as a significant animal welfare issue

&
Pages 44-51 | Received 28 Oct 2013, Accepted 22 May 2014, Published online: 06 Dec 2014

References

  • Adams L, Lane R, Shea SA, Cockcroft A, Guz A. Breathlessness during different forms of ventilatory stimulation: a study of mechanisms in normal subjects and respiratory patients. Clinical Science 69, 663–72, 1985
  • Anonymous. EC (European Community) Directive 93/119/EC on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing. European Community Official Journal 340, 21–34, 1993
  • Anonymous. The humane killing of animals under Schedule 1 to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Code of Practice. United Kingdom Home Office, Norwich, UK, 1997
  • Anonymous. Canadian Council on Animal Care Guidelines on: Euthanasia of animals used in science. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2010
  • Anonymous. American Veterinary Medical Association Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. Schaumberg, Illinois, 2013
  • Bannasch D, Young A, Myers J, Truve K, Dickinson P, Gregg J, Davis R, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Webster MT, Lindblad-Toh K, et al. Localization of canine brachycephaly using an across breed mapping approach. PLoS One 5, e9632, 2010 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009632
  • Banzett RB, Lancaster J, Brown R, Topulos GP, Yager D, Steele SM, Londofio B, Loring SH, Reid MB, Adams L, et al. 'Air hunger' from increased PCO2 persists after complete neuromuscular block in humans. Respiration Physiology 81, 1–18, 1990 doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(90)90065-7
  • Banzett RB, Mulnier HE, Murphy K, Rosen SD, Wise RJS, Adams L. Breathlessness in humans activates insular cortex. Neuroreport 11, 2117–20, 2000 doi: 10.1097/00001756-200007140-00012
  • Banzett RB, Pedersen SH, Schwartzstein RM, Lansing RW. The affective dimension of laboratory dyspnea: Air hunger is more unpleasant than work/effort. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177, 1384–90, 2008 doi: 10.1164/rccm.200711-1675OC
  • Bernaerts F, Talavera J, Leemans J, Hamaide A, Claeys S, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome. The Veterinary Journal 183, 95–102, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.009
  • Bianchi AL, Denavit-Saubie M, Champagnat J. Central control of breathing in mammals: Neuronal circuitry, membrane properties, and neurotransmitters. Physiological Reviews 75, 1–45, 1995
  • Biondo AW, De Morais HA. Chloride: A quick reference. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 38, 459–65, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.01.015
  • *Bruss M. Lipids and ketones. In: Kaneko J, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. Pp 81–115. Academic Press, Boston, USA, 2008
  • Buchanan GF, Richerson GB. Role of chemoreceptors in mediating dyspnea. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 9–19, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.12.002
  • Corfield DR, Murphy K, Guz A. Does the motor cortical control of the diaphragm 'bypass’ the brain stem respiratory centres in man?. Respiration Physiology 114, 109–17, 1998 doi: 10.1016/S0034-5687(98)00083-8
  • Dalmau A, Rodriguez P, Llonch P, Velarde A. Stunning pigs with different gas mixtures: aversion in pigs. Animal Welfare 19, 325–33, 2010
  • Davenport PW, Vovk A. Cortical and subcortical central neural pathways in respiratory sensations. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 72–86, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.10.001
  • *De Morais HA, Dibartola SP. Acid-base disorders. In: Bonagura JD (eds). Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy 14. Pp 54–61. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, USA, 2009
  • Denton DA, McKinley MJ, Farrell M, Egan GF. The role of primordial emotions in the evolutionary origin of consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 18, 500–14, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.06.009
  • el-Manshawi A, Killian KJ, Summers E, Jones NL. Breathlessness during exercise with and without resistive loading. Journal of Applied Physiology 61, 896–905, 1986
  • Evans KC. Cortico-limbic circuitry and the airways: Insights from functional neuroimaging of respiratory afferents and efferents. Biological Psychology 84, 13–25, 2010 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.02.005
  • Evans KC, Banzett RB, Adams L, McKay L, Frackowiak RS, Corfield DR. BOLD fMRI identified limbic, paralimbic, and cerebellar activation during air hunger. Journal of Neurophysiology 88, 1500–11, 2002
  • Fasanella FJ, Shively JM, Wardlaw JL, Givaruangsawat S. Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991–2008). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 237, 1048–51, 2010 doi: 10.2460/javma.237.9.1048
  • Foster DM, Smith GW. Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 25, 13–36, 2009
  • Gandevia SC. Roles for perceived voluntary motor commands in motor control. Trends in Neurosciences 10, 81–5, 1987 doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(87)90030-0
  • Gilbert FF, Gofton N. Terminal dives in mink, muskrat and beaver. Physiology and Behavior 28, 835–40, 1982 doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90200-1
  • *Hawkins P, Playle L, Golledge HDR, Leach M, Banzett RB, Coenen AML, Cooper JJ, Danneman P, Flecknell PA, Kirkden RD, et al. CO2 consensus report. University of Newcastle on Tyne, UK, 2006
  • Hoareau GL, Jourdan G, Mellema M, Verwaerde P. Evaluation of arterial blood gases and arterial blood pressures in brachycephalic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 26, 897–904, 2012 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00941.x
  • Iossa G, Soulsbury CD, Harris S. Mammal trapping: a review of animal welfare standards of killing and restraining traps. Animal Welfare 16, 335–52, 2007
  • Jensen D, Ofir D, O'Donnell DE. Effects of pregnancy, obesity and aging on the intensity of perceived breathlessness during exercise in healthy humans. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 87–100, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.01.011
  • Johnson MS, Martin M. Investigation of dyspnoea in dogs. In Practice 30, 558–66, 2008 doi: 10.1136/inpract.30.10.558
  • Kumar GK, Prabhakar NR. Peripheral chemoreceptors: Function and plasticity of the carotid body. Comprehensive Physiology 2, 141–219, 2012
  • Lansing RW, Gracely RH, Banzett RB. The multiple dimensions of dyspnea: Review and hypotheses. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 53–60, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.012
  • Leduc D, Cappello M, Gevenois PA, De Troyer A. Mechanics of the canine diaphragm in ascites: a CT study. Journal of Applied Physiology 104, 423–8, 2008 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00884.2007
  • von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, Baumann HJ, Klose H, Dahme B, Buchel C. The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the anterior insula and amygdala. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177, 1026–32, 2008 doi: 10.1164/rccm.200712-1821OC
  • Lindinger MI, Heigenhauser GJF. Effects of gas exchange on acid-base balance. Comprehensive Physiology 2, 2203–54, 2012
  • Ludders JW, Schmidt RH, Dein FJ, Klein PN. Drowning is not euthanasia. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27, 666–70, 1999
  • Manens J, Bolognin M, Bernaerts F, Diez M, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs. The Veterinary Journal 193, 217–21, 2012 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.013
  • Manning HL, Mahler DA. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 56, 325–30, 2001
  • Manning HL, Schwartzstein RM. Pathophysiology of dyspnea. The New England Journal of Medicine 333, 1547–53, 1995 doi: 10.1056/NEJM199512073332307
  • Manning HL, Shea SA, Schwartzstein RM, Lansing RW, Brown R, Banzett RB. Reduced tidal volume increases 'air hunger' at fixed PCO2 in ventilated quadriplegics. Respiration Physiology 90, 19–30, 1992 doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(92)90131-F
  • Mellema MS. The neurophysiology of dyspnea. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 18, 561–71, 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2008.00372.x
  • Nehashi S, Nishino T, Ide T. Inhaled furosemide inhibits behavioral response to airway occlusion in anesthetized cats. Anesthesiology 95, 1234–7, 2001 doi: 10.1097/00000542-200111000-00030
  • Niel L, Weary DM. Rats avoid exposure to carbon dioxide and argon. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 107, 100–9, 2007 doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.08.002
  • O'Donnell DE, Hong HH, Webb KA. Respiratory sensation during chest wall restriction and dead space loading in exercising men. Journal of Applied Physiology 88, 1859–69, 2000
  • O'Donnell DE, Ora J, Webb KA, Laveneziana P, Jensen D. Mechanisms of activity-related dyspnea in pulmonary diseases. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 116–32, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.01.010
  • Packer RMA, Hendricks A, Burn CC. Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformation inherited disorders as 'normal' for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfare. Animal Welfare 21, 81–93, 2012 doi: 10.7120/096272812X13345905673809
  • Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, Banzett RB, Manning HL, Bourbeau J, Calverley PM, Gift AG, Harver A, Lareau S, et al. An official American thoracic society statement: Update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 185, 435–52, 2012 doi: 10.1164/rccm.201111-2042ST
  • Peiffer C. Dsypnea and emotion: what can we learn from functional brain imaging?. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177, 937–9, 2008 doi: 10.1164/rccm.200802-298ED
  • Peiffer C, Poline J-B, Thivard L, Aubier M, Samson Y. Neural substrates for the perception of acutely induced dyspnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 163, 951–7, 2001 doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.4.2005057
  • Prabhakar NR, Peng Y-J. Peripheral chemoreceptors in health and disease. Journal of Applied Physiology 96, 359–66, 2004 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2003
  • Reinero CR. Advances in the understanding of pathogenesis, and diagnostics and therapeutics for feline allergic asthma. The Veterinary Record 190, 28–33, 2011
  • Riecks TW, Birchard SJ, Stephens JA. Surgical correction of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs: 62 cases (1991–2004). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 230, 1324–8, 2007 doi: 10.2460/javma.230.9.1324
  • Schenck PA, Chew DJ. Hypocalcemia: A quick reference. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 38, 455–8, 2008 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.01.021
  • Schlueter C, Budras KD, Ludewig E, Mayrhofer E, Koenig HE, Walter A, Oechtering GU. Brachycephalic feline noses. CT and anatomical study of the relationship between head conformation and the nasolacrimal drainage system. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 11, 891–900, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.09.010
  • *Schwartzstein RM, Adams L. Dyspnea. In: Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin TR, King TE, Schraufnagel DE, Murray JF, Nadel JA (eds). Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. Pp 613–27. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA, 2010
  • Schwartzstein RM, Simon PM, Weiss JW, Fencl V, Weinberger SE. Breathlessness induced by dissociation between ventilation and chemical drive. American Review of Respiratory Disease 139, 1231–7, 1989 doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1231
  • *Sherwood L, Klandorf H, Yancey P. Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms. 1st Edtn. Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, 2005
  • Tomczak SE, Guenette JA, Reid WD, McKenzie DC, Sheel AW. Diaphragm fatigue after submaximal exercise with chest wall restriction. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43, 416–24, 2011 doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ef5e67
  • Undem BJ, Nassenstein C. Airway nerves and dyspnea associated with inflammatory airway disease. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 36–44, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.11.012
  • Wade JB, Dougherty LM, Archer CR, Price DD. Assessing the stages of pain processing: a multivariate analytical approach. Pain 68, 157–67, 1996 doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03162-4
  • Widdicombe J. Lung afferent activity: Implications for respiratory sensation. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 167, 2–8, 2009 doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.09.012
  • Zhang W, Davenport PW. Activation of thalamic ventroposteriorlateral neurons by phrenic nerve afferents in cats and rats. Journal of Applied Physiology 94, 220–6, 2003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.