Conversion to Protestant Christianity in China and the ‘supply-side model’: explaining changes in the Chinese religious field

References

• Aikman , David . 2003 . Jesus in Beijing. How Christianity Is Transforming China and Changing the Global Balance of Power , Washington, DC : Regnery Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Altena , Thorsten . 2003 . ‘Ein Häuflein Christen mitten in der Heidenwelt des dunklen Erdteils’. Zum Selbst- und Fremdverständnis protestantischer Missionare im kolonialen Afrika , Münster : Waxmann .
   Google Scholar
• Austin , Alvyn J. 2007 . China's Millions. The China Inland Mission and Late Qing Society, 1832–1905 , Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdmans .
   Google Scholar
• Base Shenghui Guitiao 巴色聖會規條. 1874. Mission 21, Basel Mission Archives A III b 16.
   Google Scholar
• Bays , Daniel H. 1983 . Christianity and the Chinese Sectarian Tradition . Ch'ing-shih Wen-t'i , 4 : 33 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Bays , Daniel H. 1985 . “ Christianity and Chinese Sects: Religious Tracts in the Late Nineteenth Century ” . In Christianity in China. Early Protestant Missionary Writings , Edited by: Wilson Barnett , Suzanne and Fairbank , John King . 121 – 134 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bays , Daniel H. 1991 . Chinese Popular Religion and Christianity before and after the 1949 Revolution: a Retrospective View . Fides et Historia , 23 : 69 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Bays, Daniel H. 1995. Indigenous Protestant Churches in China, 1900–1937: A Pentecostal Case Study. In Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity, ed. Steven Kaplan. New York: New York University Press, 124–143.
   Google Scholar
• Bays , Daniel H. 1996 . “ The Growth of Independent Christianity in China ” . In Christianity in China. From the Eighteenth Century to the Present , Edited by: Bays , Daniel H. 307 – 316 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bays , Daniel H. 2003 . “ Chinese Protestant Christianity Today ” . In Religion in China Today , Edited by: Overmyer , Daniel L. 182 – 198 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berling , Judith . 1980 . The Syncretic Religion of Lin Chao-en , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bianco , Lucien . 2005 . Jacqueries et révolution dans la Chine du XXe siècle , Paris : Éditions de la Martinière .
   Google Scholar
• Bickers , Robert A. 1996 . “ ‘To Serve and Not To Rule’: British Protestant Missionaries and Chinese Nationalism, 1928–1931 ” . In Missionary Encounters. Sources and Issues , Edited by: Seton , Rosemary and Bickers , Robert . 211 – 238 . Richmond : Curzon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohr , P. Richard . 2004 . “ The Taipings in Chinese Sectarian Perspective ” . In Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China , Edited by: Liu , Kwang-ching and Shek , Richard . 393 – 430 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawai'i Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brockey , Liam Matthew . 2007 . Journey to the East. The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724 , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brook , Timothy . 1993 . Rethinking Syncretism: The Unity of the Three Teachings and their Joint Worship in Late-Imperial China . Journal of Chinese Religions , 21 : 13 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , Steve . 2000 . The Supply-Side Model of Religion: The Nordic and Baltic States . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 39 : 32 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce , Steve . 2008 . “ The Social Limits on Religious Markets ” . In Salvation Goods and Religious Markets , Edited by: Stolz , Jörg . 81 – 100 . Bern : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Bruun , Ole . 2003 . Fengshui in China. Geomantic Divination Between State Orthodoxy and Popular Religion , Copenhagen : NIAS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , Joseph M. 2000 . Cost-Benefit Accounting and the Piety Business: Is Homo Religiosus, at Bottom, a Homo Economicus? . Method & Theory in the Study of Religion , 12 : 520 – 548 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , Ning J. 1999 . Tension Within the Church: British Missionaries in Wuhan, 1913–28 . Modern Asian Studies , 33 : 421 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Chao , Jonathan T'ien-en . 1992 . Toward a Chinese Christianity. A Protestant Response to the Anti-Imperialist Movement . Republican China , 17 : 95 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Chau , Adam Yuet . 2006 . Miraculous Response. Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Jiasheng 陳家勝 . 1997 . “ Longchuan xian Tongqu zhen Tianxin tun zongzu yu minsu 龍川縣通衢鎮田心屯宗族與民俗 [Customs and Lineages of Xindun [sic!] Village, Longchuan] ” . In Meizhou Heyuan diqu de cunluo wenhua 梅州河源地區的村落文化 [Village Religion and Culture in Northeastern Guangdong] , Edited by: Fang Xuejia 房學嘉 . 427 – 441 . New York : International Hakka Studies Association, Overseas Chinese Archives and Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , May Ming-chun . 1998 . Familism and the Protestant Expansion in China . Ching Feng , 41 : 171 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheung , David . 2004 . Christianity in Modern China. The Making of the First Native Protestant Church , Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Paul A. 1978 . “ Christian Missions and Their Impact to 1900 ” . In The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 10: Late Ch'ing, 1860–1911, Part I , Edited by: Fairbank , John K. 543 – 590 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corbett , Hunter . Church Discipline . Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7–20, 1890 . Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Covell , Ralph R. 1986 . Confucius, the Buddha, and Christ. A History of the Gospel in Chinese , Maryknoll : Orbis Books .
   Google Scholar
• Dosse , François . 1998 . Empires of Meaning. The Humanization of the Social Sciences , Minneapolis, MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Duara , Prasenjit . 1991 . Knowledge and Power in the Discourse of Modernity: The Campaigns against Popular Religion in Early Twentieth-Century China . Journal of Asian Studies , 50 : 67 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunch , Ryan . 2001 . Fuzhou Protestants and the Making of a Modern China 1857–1927 , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim , Emile . 1915 . The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Eber , Irene . 1999 . “ The Interminable Term Question ” . In Bible in China. The Literary and Intellectual Impact , Edited by: Eber , Irene , Wan , Sze-Kar and Walf , Knut . 135 – 161 . Sankt Augustin : Institute Monumenta Serica .
   Google Scholar
• Edgerton-Tarpley , Catherine . 2009 . ‘Governance with Government’. Non-State Responses to the North China Famine of 1876–1879 . Berliner China-Hefte , 35 : 33 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Esherick , Joseph W. 1987 . The Origins of the Boxer Uprising , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fan , Wei . 1992 . “ Village Fengshui Principles ” . In Chinese Landscapes. The Village as Place , Edited by: Knapp , Ronald G. 35 – 45 . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feuerwerker , Albert . 1976 . The Foreign Establishment in China in the Twentieth Century , Ann Arbor, MI : Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Fiedler , Katrin . 2010 . China's ‘Christianity Fever’ Revisited: Towards a Community-Oriented Reading of Christian Conversions in China . Journal of Current Chinese Affairs , 39/4 : 71 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Finke , Roger . 1998 . Religious Choice and Competition . American Sociological Review , 63 : 761 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finke , Roger and Iannaccone , Laurence . 1993 . Supply-Side Explanations for Religious Change . Annals of the American Academy for Political Science , 527 : 27 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaustad , Blaine . 2000 . Prophets and Pretenders: Inter-Sect Competition in Qianlong China . Late Imperial China , 21/1 : 1 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentz , Joachim . 2006 . “ Die drei Lehren (sanjiao) Chinas in Konflikt und Harmonie. Figuren und Strategien einer Debatte ” . In Religionen Nebeneinander. Modelle religiöser Vielfalt in Ost- und Südostasien , Edited by: Franke , Edith and Pye , Michael . 17 – 40 . Berlin : LIT .
   Google Scholar
• Gernet , Jacques . 1985 . China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gieß , Heinrich . 1929 . Freiwillige Laienprediger in China . Der evangelische Heidenbote , 102 : 124 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Goossaert , Vincent . 2006 . 1898: The Beginning of End for Chinese Religion? . Journal of Asian Studies , 65 : 307 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goossaert , Vincent . 2007 . The Taoists of Peking, 1800–1949. A Social History of Urban Clerics , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goossaert , Vincent and Palmer , David . 2011 . The Religious Question in Modern China , Chicago, IL : Chicago University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greeley, Andrew M. 1998. Pie in the Sky While You're Alive: Americans’ Belief in Life after Death and Supply-Side Religion. http://www.agreeley.com/articles/piesky.html#N_1_
   Google Scholar
• Hayes , James . 1985 . “ ‘Specialists and Written Materials in the Village World’ ” . In Popular Culture in Late Imperial China , Edited by: Johnson , David , Nathan , Andrew J. and Rawski , Evelyn S. 75 – 111 . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heininger , Janet E. 1982 . Private Positions Versus Public Policy: Chinese Devolution and the American Experience in East Asia . Diplomatic History , 6 : 287 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• Hood , George . 1986 . Mission Accomplished? The English Presbyterian Mission in Lingtung, South China , Frankfurt : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Iannaccone , Laurence R. 1994 . Why Strict Churches are Strong . American Journal of Sociology , 99 : 1180 – 1211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannaccone , Laurence R. 1998 . Introduction to the Economics of Religion . Journal of Economic Literature , 36 : 1465 – 1495 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagd , Søren . 2007 . Economics of Convention and New Economic Sociology. Mutual Inspiration and Dialogue . Current Sociology , 55 : 75 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagodzinski , Wolfgang and Greely , Andrew . no date . The Demand for Religion. Hard Core Atheism and ‘Supply Side’ Theory http://www.agreeley.com/articles/hardcore.html (last accessed 2 November 2011)
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , Paul . Towards a Definition of the Pietism of Wurtemberg as a Missionary Movement . Paper presented at the African Studies Association of the United Kingdom Conference ‘Whites in Africa–Whites as Missionaries’ .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , David K. 1972 . Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors. The Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jordan , David K. 1993 . “ The Glyphomancy Factor: Observations on Chinese Conversion ” . In Conversion to Christianity. Historical and Anthropological Perspectives on a Great Transformation , Edited by: Hefner , Robert W. 285 – 303 . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jörgensen , Helle . 2001 . “ Funktionalisierung der Mission durch chinesische Christen: Die protestantische Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft im Kreis Dongguan in der Provinz Guangdong ” . In Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen im 19. Jahrhundert. Mission und Wirtschaft in interkultureller Perspektive , Edited by: Leutner , Mechthild and Mühlhahn , Klaus . 219 – 260 . Münster : LIT .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , Thoralf . 2002 . Die Basler Mission in der Provinz Guangdong, 1859–1931. Akkulturationsprozesse und kulturelle Grenzziehungen zwischen Missionaren, chinesischen Christen und lokaler Gesellschaft , Munich : Iudicium .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , Thoralf . 2004 . “ The Basel Mission as a Transcultural Organization: Photographs of Chinese Christians and the Problem of Agency ” . In Getting Pictures Right. Context and Interpretation , Edited by: Albrecht , Michael , Arlt , Veit , Müller , Barbara and Schneider , Jürg . 39 – 56 . Cologne : Köppe .
   Google Scholar
• Klein , Thoralf . 2005 . “ Protestant Missionaries and Communist Cadres as Local Power Brokers in Rural South China, 1890–1930–A Comparison ” . In Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen. Europäische Missionsgesellschaften und ihre Tätigkeit in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 in politischen Spannungsfeldern , Edited by: van der Heyden , Ulrich and Stoecker , Holger . 285 – 305 . Stuttgart : Steiner .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , Philip A. 1977 . Origins of the Taiping Vision: Cross-Cultural Dimensions of a Chinese Rebellion . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 19 : 350 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer, Kristin. 2009. Emergence and Development of Spiritual-Religious Groups in the People's Republic of China after 1978. PhD dissertation, University of Bochum, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Lagerwey , John . 2000 . “ The Structure and Dynamics of Chinese Rural Society ” . In Lishi yu shehui jingji. Di-si jie guoji Kejiaxue yantaohui lunwenji 歷史與社會經濟。第四屆國際客家學研討會論文集 [History and Socio-economy. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Hakkaology] , Edited by: Xu 徐正光 , Zhengguang . 1 – 43 . Taipei : Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica .
   Google Scholar
• Lamley , Harry J. 1977 . Hsieh-tou: The Pathology of Violence in Southeastern China . Ch'ing Shih Wen-t'i , 3 : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamley , Harry J. 1990 . “ Lineage Feuding in Southern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong under Qing Rule ” . In Violence in China. Essays in Culture and Counterculture , Edited by: Lipman , Jonathan N. and Harrell , Stevan . 27 – 64 . Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , Graeme , Chan , Selina Ching and Ragvald , Lars . 2005 . Temples and the Religious Economy . Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion , 1 : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Latourette , Kenneth Scott . 1929 . A History of Christian Missions in China , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Lechler , Rudolf . On the Relation of Protestant Missions to Education . Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 10–24, 1877 . pp. 160 – 171 . Shanghai : Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lechler , Rudolf . I. Method of Dealing with Inquirers.–II. Conditions of Admission to Church Fellowship–III. Best Methods of Discipline . Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7–20, 1890 . Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Joseph Tse-hei . 2003 . The Bible and the Gun. Christianity in South China, 1860–1900 , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Joseph Tse-Hei . 2009 . Disaster Management and Christian Church Networks in Early Twentieth-Century Chaozhou, South China . Berliner China-Hefte , 35 : 64 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Shiyuan 李湜源 . 1995 . “ Chong lun Zhongwen ‘Shengjing’ zhong ‘zui’ zi de fanyi wenti 重論中文‘聖經’中’罪’字的翻譯問題 [A reexamination of the translation problems concerning the character ‘zui’ in the Chinese Bible] ” . In Dao yu xin. Huaxia wenhua yu Jidu wenhua de xiangyu [Dao and Belief. The Encounter Between Chinese Culture and Christian Culture] , Edited by: Xiaofeng 劉小楓 , Liu . 637 – 645 . Hong Kong : Sanlian Shuju .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Thomas Shiyu and Naquin , Susan . 1988 . The Baoming Temple: Religion and the Throne in Ming and Qing China . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 48 : 131 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Lian, Xi. 2004. The Search for Christianity in Republican China (1912–1949). Modern Asian Studies 38: 851–898, DOI: 10.1017/S0026749X04001283.
   Google Scholar
• Lian, Xi. 2010. Redeemed by Fire. The Rise of Popular Christianity in Modern China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Litzinger , Albert . 1996 . “ Rural Religion and Village Organization in North China: The Catholic Challenge in the Late Nineteenth Century ” . In Christianity in China. From the Eighteenth Century to the Present , Edited by: Bays , Daniel H. 41 – 52 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Kwang-ching . 1990 . Orthodoxy in Late Imperial China , Edited by: Liu , Kwang-ching . Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Kwang-ching and Shek , Richard . 2004 . Heterodoxy in Late Imperial China , Edited by: Liu , Kwang-ching and Shek , Richard . Honolulu, HI : University of Hawai'i Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , Ying-hua . 2010 . “ The Folk-religionization of Christianity in China–Hong Xiuquan's Yuandao jueshi xun and the Taiping Rebellion ” . In Shizijia qian de sisuo – wenben jiedu yu Shengjing quanshi 十字架前的思索–文本解讀與聖經詮釋 [Pondering before the Cross – Reading Texts and Interpreting the Gospel] , Edited by: Chengmian 王成勉 , Wang . 77 – 106 . Taipei : Liming Wenhua .
   Google Scholar
• Lodwick , Kathleen L. 1990 . “ Chinese Leadership in the Presbyterian Church in Hainan: 1885–1919 ” . In Jidujiao yu Zhongguo bensehua 基督教與中國本色化 [Christianity and Chinese Indigenization] , Edited by: Zhiping 林治平 , Lin . 548 – 568 . Taipei : Yuzhouguang .
   Google Scholar
• Lu , Yunfeng 盧云峰 . 2005 . Entrepreneurial Logics and the Evolution of Falun Gong . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 44 : 173 – 185 . DOI: 0.1111/j.1468–5906.2005.00274.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Yunfeng . 2008. Chaoyue Jidu zongjiao shehuixue– jian lun zongjiao shichang lunli zai Huaren shehui shiyongxing wenti 超越基督宗教社會學 – 兼論宗教時常論理在華人社會實用性問題 [Beyond a Christian Sociology of Religion. A Discussion of the Applicability of the Religious Market Theory to Chinese Societies]. Shehuixue yanjiu 社會學研究 2008/5. http://www.sopku.com/document/zhongxinyanjiuwenxian/yunfeng1.
   Google Scholar
• Luo , Zhufeng . 1991 . Religion under Socialism in China , Armonk, NY : Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , Jessie G. 2008 . Opening China. Karl F.A. Gützlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827–1852 , Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdmans .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , Jessie Gregory and Rolland Ray Lutz . 1995 . The Invisible China Missionaries: The Basel Mission's Chinese Evangelists, 1847–1866 . Mission Studies , 12 : 204 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , Jessie Gregory and Ray Lutz , Rolland . 1998 . Hakka Chinese Confront Protestant Christianity, 1850–1900. With the Autobiographies of Eight Hakka Christians, and Commentary , Armonk, NY : Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• McCleary , Rachel M. and van der Kuijp , Leonard W.J. 2010 . The Market Approach to the Rise of the Geluk School, 1419–1642 . Journal of Asian Studies , 69 : 149 – 180 . DOI: 10.1017/S0021911809991574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minden , Karen . 1994 . Bamboo Stone. The Evolution of a Chinese Medical Elite , Toronto : University of Toronto Press .
   Google Scholar
• Najarian , Nishan J. 1982 . “ Religious Conversion in Nineteenth-Century China. Face-to-Face Interaction Between Western Missionaries and the Chinese ” . In Social Interaction in Chinese Society , Edited by: Greenblatt , Sidney L. , Wilson , Richard L. and Wilson , Amy Auerbacher . 67 – 111 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Nedostup , Rebecca A. 2009 . Superstitious Regimes. Religion and the Politics of Chinese Modernity , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Noyes , H. V. How Far Should Christians Be Required to Abandon Native Customs? . Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7–20, 1890 . pp. 609 – 619 . Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oblau, Gotthard. 2001. Pentecostal by default? Reflections on Contemporary Christianity in China, http://www.doam.org/archiv/textea/china/china_gotthardoblau_pentecostalbydefault2001.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ohlinger , F. How Far Should Christians Be Required to Abandon Native Customs . Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7–20, 1890 . pp. 603 – 609 . Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osterhammel, Jürgen. 1997. Shanghai, 30. Mai 1925. Die chinesische Revolution. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag
   Google Scholar
• Overmyer , Daniel L. 1984 . Attitudes Toward the Ruler and State in Chinese Popular Religious Literature: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Pao-chüan . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , 44 : 347 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overmyer , Daniel L. 1999 . Precious Volumes. An Introduction to Chinese Sectarian Scriptures from the Sixteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Asia Center .
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, David A. 2011. Gift and Market in the Chinese Religious Economy. Religion 41/4. DOI: 10.1080/0048721X.2011.624694.
   Google Scholar
• Paper , Jordan D. 1987 . The Ritual Core of Chinese Religion . Religious Studies and Theology , 7 : 19 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Paper , Jordan D. 1995 . The Spirits are Drunk. Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , Pitman B. 2003 . “ Belief in Control: Regulation of Religion in China ” . In Religion in China Today , Edited by: Overmyer , Daniel L. 11 – 31 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 10–24, 1877. 1878. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press
   Google Scholar
• Records of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China Held at Shanghai, May 7–20, 1890. 1890. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , Thomas H. 2004 . The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Rebellion and the Blasphemy of Empire , Seattle, WA : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , Arthur Lewis . 2006 . Christianity, Academics, and National Salvation in China: Yenching University, 1924–1949 . Journal of American-East Asian Relations , 13 : 25 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Seiwert , Hubert . 2003 . Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History , Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Shih , Vincent . 1967 . The Taiping Ideology. Its Sources, Interpretations, and Influences , Seattle, WA : University of Washington Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Arthur H. 1899 . “ Village Life in China ” . In A Study in Sociology , New York : Revell .
   Google Scholar
• So , Eric S.O. 1996 . Timothy Tingfeng Lew and the Indigenization of the Church in China . Ching Feng , 39 : 237 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Standaert , Nicolas . 2001 . “ Christianity in Late Ming and Early Qing China as a Case of Cultural Transmission ” . In China and Christianity. Burdened Past, Hopeful Future , Edited by: Uhalley , Stephen and Wu , Xiaoxin . 81 – 116 . Armonk, NY : Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• Stanley , Brian . 1990 . The Bible and the Flag. Protestant Missions and British Imperialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries , Leicester : Apollos .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney . 1996 . The Rise of Christianity. A Sociologist Reconsiders History , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney . 2003 . “ Why Religious Movements Succeed or Fail: A Revised General Model ” . In Cults and New Religious Movements. A Reader , Edited by: Dawson , Lorne L. 259 – 270 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney and Bainbridge , William Sims . 1979 . Cult Formation: Three Compatible Models . Sociological Analysis , 40 : 283 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney and Bainbridge , William Sims . 1985 . The Future of Religion. Secularization, Revival and Cult Formation , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stark, Rodney, William Sims Bainbridge. 1997. Religion, Deviance, and Social Control. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney and Finke , Roger . 2000 . Acts of Faith. Explaining the Human Side of Religion , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stark , Rodney and Iannacone , Laurence . 1994 . A Supply-Side Reinterpretation of the ‘Secularization’ of Europe . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 33 : 230 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stauffer , Milton T. 1922 . The Christian Occupation of China. A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China Made by the Special Committee on Survey and Occupation, China Continuation Committee, 1918–1921 , Shanghai : China Continuation Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Stenz , Georg . 1906 . Der Bauer in Schantung . Anthropos , 1 ( 435–452 ) : 838 – 863 .
   Google Scholar
• Stolz , Jörg . 2008 . “ Salvation Goods and Religious Markets: Integrating Rational Choice and Weberian Perspectives ” . In Salvation Goods and Religious Markets , Edited by: Stolz , Jörg . 51 – 80 . Bern : Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Storper , Michael and Salais , Robert . 1997 . Worlds of Production. The Action Frameworks of the Economy , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Streit , Karl . 1906 . Statistische Notizen zum katholischen Missionsatlas , Steyl : Verlag der Missionsdruckerei .
   Google Scholar
• Su , Jing 蘇精 . 2005 . Zhongguo, kai men! Malisun ji xiangguan renwu yanjiu 中國, 開門!馬禮遜及相關研究 [Open up, China! Studies on Robert Morrison and his Circle] , Hong Kong : Jidujiao Zhongguo Zongjiao Wenhua Yanjiushe .
   Google Scholar
• Sun , Ensan 孫恩三 . 1931 . Wu nian yundong zhi faren yu jincheng 五年運動之發軔與進程 [The Beginning and Progress of the Five Year Movement] . Zhonghua Jidu Jiaohui nianjian , 11 : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Tawney , Richard Henry . 1932 . Land and Labour in China , New York : Harcourt, Brace & Co .
   Google Scholar
• ter Haar , Barend J. 1992 . The White Lotus Teachings in Chinese Religious History , Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Tiedemann , R. G. 1996 . “ Christian Missions in Shandong in the Context of China's National and Revolutionary Development ” . In Missionsgeschichte–Kirchengeschichte–Weltgeschichte , Edited by: van der Heyden , Ulrich and Liebau , Heike . 387 – 404 . Stuttgart : Steiner .
   Google Scholar
• Tiedemann , R. G. 1998 . Boxers, Christians and the Culture of Violence in North China . Journal of Peasant Studies , 25/4 : 150 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Tiedemann , R. G. 2001 . “ Conversion Patterns in North China. Sociological Profiles of Chinese Christians, 1860–1912 ” . In Authentic Chinese Christianity. Preludes to Its Development , Edited by: Ku , Wei-ying and de Ridder , Koen . 107 – 133 . Leuven : Leuven University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Voas , David , Olson , Daniel V.A. and Crockett , Alasdair . 2002 . Religious Pluralism and Participation: Why Previous Research is Wrong . American Sociological Review , 67 : 212 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , Rudolf G. 1998 . “ Understanding Taiping Christian China. Analogy, Interest, and Policy ” . In ‘Christen und Gewürze’. Konfrontation und Interaktion kolonialer und indigener Christentumsvarianten , Edited by: Koschorke , Klaus . 132 – 157 . Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht .
   Google Scholar
• Währisch-Oblau , Claudia . 1996 . “ Die Gemeinden im Bereich des Chinesischen Christenrates. Skizze einer Bewegung auf dem Weg zur verfaßten Kirche ” . In ‘Fallbeispiel’ China. Ökumenische Beiträge zu Religion, Theologie und Kirche im chinesischen Kontext , Edited by: Malek , Roman . 529 – 551 . Nettetal : Steyler Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Währisch-Oblau , Claudia . 2001 . God Can Make Us Healthy through and through: On Prayers for the Sick and the Interpretation of Healing Experiences in Christian Churches in China and African Immigrant Congregations in Germany . International Review of Mission , 90 : 87 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Dong . 2007 . Managing God's Higher Education. U.S.-China Cultural Encounter and Canton Christian College (Lingnan University), 1888–1952 , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Xiaoming 王曉明 . 2003 . ‘Zhonghua Suwei'ai Gongheguo Xianfa Dagang’ zhong de zongjiao zhengce ‘中華蘇維埃共和國憲法大綱’中的宗教政策[Religious policy in the ‘Constitutional Programme of the Chinese Soviet Republic’] . Beijing dangshi , 2003/2 : 23 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. Peter . 1990 . The Ideal of the Self-Governing Church. A Study in Victorian Missionary Strategy , Leiden : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , C. Peter . 2008 . “ ‘The Church Missionary Society and the Indigenous Church in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: The Defense and Destruction of the Venn Ideals’ ” . In Converting Colonialism. Visions and Realities in Mission History, 1706–1904 , Edited by: Robert , Dana L. 86 – 111 . Grand Rapids, MI : Eerdmans .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , Arthur P. 1978 . “ Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors ” . In Studies in Chinese Society , Edited by: Wolf , Arthur P. 131 – 182 . Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , Yihua . 2004 . “ ‘Patriotic’ Protestants: The Making of an Official Church ” . In God and Caesar in China. Policy Implications of Church-State Tensions , Edited by: Kindopp , Jason and Hamrin , Carol Lee . 107 – 121 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , C. K. 1961 . Religion in Chinese Society. A Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of their Historical Factors , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , Fenggang . 2006 . The Red, Black, and Gray Markets of Religion in China’ . Sociological Quarterly , 47 : 93 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , Fenggang and Tamney , Joseph B. 2005 . State, Market, and Religions in Chinese Societies , Edited by: Yang , Fenggang and Tamney , Joseph B. Leiden/Boston, MA : Brill .
   Google Scholar
• Yates , M. T. 1878 . Ancestor Worship. A Revised Edition of an Essay Read before the Missionary Conference Held at Shanghai May 10–24, 1877 , Shanghai : American Presbyterian Mission Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yip , Ka-Che . 1995 . Health and National Reconstruction in Nationalist China. The Development of Modern Health Services, 1928–1937 , Ann Arbor, MI : Association for Asian Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Zetzsche , Jost . 1999 . The Bible in China. The History of the Union Version or the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China , Nettetal : Steyler Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Zha , Shijie 査時傑 . 1993 . Minguo Jidujiao shi lunwenji 民國基督教史論文集 [Collected Essays on Christianity in Republican China] , Taipei : Yuzhouguang .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Zuji 張祖基 . 1980 . Zhonghua jiu lisu 中華舊禮俗 [The Old Customs of China]. 4 vols , Tōkyō : Riben Chongzheng Zonghui and Shijie Keshu Di-Wu Ci Kenqin Dahui Shoubei Yuanqin Weiyuanhui . (Original manuscript 1928–1934)
   Google Scholar
• Zhao , Shuhao 趙樹好 . 2001 . Jiao'an yu wan Qing shehui 教案與晚清社會 [Missionary Cases and Late Qing Society] , Beijing : Zhongguo Wenlian Chubanshe .
   Google Scholar