Quantitative assessment of foetal exposure to trenbolone acetate, zeranol and melengestrol acetate, following maternal dosing in rabbits

References

• ANDERSSON, A. M. and SKAKKERKK, N. E., 1999, Exposure to exogenous estrogens in food: Possible impact on human development and health. European Journal of Endocrinology, 140, 477–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUER, E. R. S., DAXENBERGER, A., PETRI, T., SAUERWEIN, H. and MEYER, H. H. D., 2000, Characterization of the affinity of different anabolics and synthetic hormones to the human androgen receptor, human sex hormone binding globulin and to the bovine progestin receptor. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 108, 838–846.
   Google Scholar
• CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS, 1999, Title 21, Volume 6, Chapter I, Part 522, Section 522 .842, 522 .2478 and 522.2680 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office) [http://www.access.gpo.gov/ nara/cfr/waisidx_99/21cfrv6_99.html] (cited 26 June 2001).
   Google Scholar
• COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 1993, Commission Decision 93/256/EC of 14 April 1993 laying down the methods to be used for detecting residues of substances having a hormonal or thyrostatic action. Official Journal of the European Community, L118, 64–74.
   Google Scholar
• DANHAIVE, P. A. and ROUSSEAU, G. G., 1986, Binding of glucocorticoid antagonists to androgen and glucocorticoid hormone receptors in rat skeletal muscle. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 24, 481–487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DANZO, B. J., 1998, The effects of environmental hormones on reproduction. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 54, 1249–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DAXENBERGER, A., LANGE, I. G., MEYER, K. and MEYER, H. H. D., 2000, Detection of anabolic residues in misplaced implantation sites in cattle. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International, 83, 809–819.
   Google Scholar
• DAXENBERGER, A., MEYER, K., HAGELEIT, M. and MEYER, H. H. D., 1999, Detection of melengestrol acetate residues in plasma and edible tissues of heifers. Veterinary Quarterly, 21, 154–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION, 1999, Opinion of the scientific committee on veterinary measures relating to public health: assessment of potential risks to human health from hormone residues in bovine meat and meat products (30 April 1999) [http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scv/out21_en. html] (cited 26 June 2001).
   Google Scholar
• EVERETT, D. J., PERRY, C. J., SCOTT, K. A., MARTIN, B. W. and TERRY, M. K., 1987, Estrogenic potencies of resorcylic acid lactones and 17-0-estradiol in female rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 20, 435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FRITSCHE, S. and STEINHART, H., 1999, Occurrence of hormonally active compounds in food: a review. European Food Research and Technology, 209, 153–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONDOS, B., RENSTON, R. H. and CONNER, L. A., 1973, Ultrastructure of germ cells and Sertoli cells in the postnatal rabbit testis. American Journal of Anatomy, 136, 427–439.
   Google Scholar
• GONDOS, B., RENSTON, R. H. and GOLDSTEIN, D. A., 1976, Postnatal differentiation of Leydig cells in the rabbit testis. American Journal of Anatomy, 145, 167–181.
   Google Scholar
• GRAY, L. E., JR AND OSTBY, J., 1998, Effects of pesticides and toxic substances on behavioural and morphological reproductive development: endocrine versus nonendocrine mechanisms. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 14, 159–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAGELEIT, M., DAXENBERGER, A. and MEYER, H. H. D., 2001, A sensitive enzyme immunoassay (ETA) for the determination of melengestrol acetate (MGA) in adipose and muscle tissues. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNOBIL, E. and NEILL, J. D., 1988, The Physiology of Reproduction, vol. 2. (New York: Raven). LANGE, I. G., DAXENBERGER, A. and MEYER, H. H. D., 2001, Hormone contents in peripheral tissues after correct and off-label use of growth promotiffg_hormones in cattle: Effect of the implant preparations Finaplix-fUT RalgroSynovex- f l`cv and Synovex PlusActa Pathologica,Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 109, 53–65.
   Google Scholar
• LAUDERDALE, J. W., GOYINGS, L. S., KRZEMINSKI, L. F. and ZIMBELMAN, R. G., 1977, Studies of a progestogen (MGA) as related to residues and human consumption. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 3, 5–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEYER, H. H. D. and HoEEmANN, S., 1987, Development of a sensitive microtitration plate enzyme immunoassay for the anabolic steroid trenbolone. Food Additives and Contaminants, 4, 149–160.
   Google Scholar
• MEYER, H. H. D. and RAPP, M., 1985, Reversible binding of the anabolic steroid trenbolone to steroid receptors. Acta Endocrinologica, 108 (suppl. 267), 129.
   Google Scholar
• MIGDALOF, B. H., DUGGER, H. A., HEIDER, J. G., COOMBS, R. A. and TERRY, M. K., 1983, Biotransformation of zeranol. I. Disposition and metabolism in the female rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and man. Xenobiotica, 13, 209–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POTTIER, J., COUSTY, C., HEITZMAN, R. J. and REYNOLDS, I. P., 1981, Differences in the biotransformation of a 170-hydroxylated steroid, trenbolone acetate, in rat and cow. Xenobiotica, 11, 489–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEIFERT, M., HAINDL, S. and HOCK, B., 1999, Development of an enzyme linked receptor assay (ELRA) for estrogens and xenoestrogens. Analytica Chimica Ada, 386, 191–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKAKKEBIEK, N. E., LEFFERs, H., RAJPERT-DE MEYTS, E., CARLSEN, E. and GRIGOR, K. M., 2000, Should we watch what we eat and drink? Report on the international workshop on hormones and endocrine disrupters in food and water: possible impact on human health, Copenhagen, Denmark, 27–30 May 2000. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11, 291–293.
   Google Scholar
• SKAKKEBIEK, N. E., RAJPERT-DE MEYTS, E., JORGENSEN, N., CARLSEN, E., PETERSEN, P. M., GIWERCMAN, A., ANDERSEN, A. G., JENSEN, T. K., ANDERSSON, A. M. and MULLER, J., 1998, Germ cell cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: an environmental connection?, Ada Pat hologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 106, 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• SKAKKEB/EK, N. E., RAJPERT-DE MEYTS, E. and MAIN, K. M., 2001, Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Human Reproduction, 16, 972–978.
   Google Scholar
• SLIKKER, W., JR, BAILEY, J. R., NEWPORT, G. D., LIPE, G. W. and HILL, D. E., 1982, Placental transfer and metabolism of 17ce-ethinylestradiol and estradio1-170 in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 223, 483–489.
   Google Scholar
• SONNENSCHEIN, C. and SOTO, A. M., 1998, An updated review of environmental estrogen and androgen mimics and antagonists. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 65, 143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPRANGER, B. and METZLER, M., 1991, Disposition of 170-trenbolone in humans. Journal of Chromatography Biomedical Applications, 564, 485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOPPARI, J., LARSEN, J. C., CHRISTIANSEN, P., GIWERCMAN, A., GRANDJEAN, P., GUILLETTE, L. J., JR, JEGou, B., JENSEN, T. K., JOUANNET, P., KEIDING, N., LEFFERs, H., MCLACHLAN, J. A., MEYER, O., MULLER, J., RAJPERT-DE MEYTS, E., SCHEIKE, T., SHARPE, R., SUMPTER, J. and SKAKKEBIEK, N. E., 1996, Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104 (suppl. 4), 741–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSUKAMOTO, K., 1984, The metabolism and conjugation of estrogens in the human foetus. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi, 60, 1091–1111.
   Google Scholar
• VEERAMACHANENI, D. N. R., 2000, Deteriorating trends in male reproduction: idiopathic or environmental? Animal Reproduction Science, 60–61, 121–130.
   Google Scholar
• VEERAMACHANENI, D. N. R., PALMER, J. S. and AMANN, R. P., 2001, Long-term effects on male reproduction of early exposure to common chemical contaminants in drinking water. Human Reproduction, 16,979–987.
   Google Scholar
• VEERAMACHANENI, D. N. R. and VANDEWOUDE, S., 1999, Interstitial cell tumour and germ cell tumour with carcinoma in situ in rabbit testes. International Journal of Andrology, 22, 97–101.
   Google Scholar
• WEIR, H. K., MARRETT, L. D., KREIGER, N., DARLINGTON, G. A. and SUGAR, L., 2000, Pre-natal and pen-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 87, 438–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, 1988, Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO Food Additives Series, 23, 73–151.
   Google Scholar