Publication Cover
Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 47, 2017 - Issue 7
579
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Topics in Xenobiochemistry

Nanomaterial and toxicity: what can proteomics tell us about the nanotoxicology?

, &
Pages 632-643 | Received 14 May 2016, Accepted 21 Jun 2016, Published online: 14 Jul 2016

References

  • Alpatova AL, Shan W, Babica P, et al. (2010). Single-walled carbon nanotubes dispersed in aqueous media via non-covalent functionalization: effect of dispersant on the stability, cytotoxicity, and epigenetic toxicity of nanotube suspensions. Water Res 44:505–20
  • Anyaogu KC, Fedorov AV, Neckers DC. (2008). Synthesis, characterization, and antifouling potential of functionalized copper nanoparticles. Langmuir 24:4340–6
  • Armand L, Biola-Clier M, Bobyk L, et al. (2015). Molecular responses of alveolar epithelial A549 cells to chronic exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a proteomic view. J Proteomics 134:163–73
  • Armand L, Tarantini A, Beal D, et al. (2016). Long-term exposure of A549 cells to titanium dioxide nanoparticles induces DNA damage and sensitizes cells towards genotoxic agents. Nanotoxicology 10:913–23
  • Aude-Garcia C, Dalzon B, Ravanat JL, et al. (2015). A combined proteomic and targeted analysis unravels new toxic mechanisms for zinc oxide nanoparticles in macrophages. J Proteomics134:174–85
  • Babes L, Denizot B, Tanguy G, et al. (1999). Synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles used as MRI contrast agents: a parametric study. J Colloid Interface Sci 212:474–82
  • Baccarelli A, Wright RO, Bollati V, et al. (2009). Rapid DNA methylation changes after exposure to traffic particles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:572–8
  • Bailey VJ, Easwaran H, Zhang Y, et al. (2009). MS-qFRET: a quantum dot-based method for analysis of DNA methylation. Genome Res 19:1455–61
  • Bandara LR, Kennedy S. (2002). Toxicoproteomics – a new preclinical tool. Drug Discov Today 7:411–8
  • Beezhold K, Liu J, Kan H, et al. (2011). miR-190-mediated downregulation of PHLPP contributes to arsenic-induced Akt activation and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 123:411–20
  • Bergin IL, Witzmann FA. (2013). Nanoparticle toxicity by the gastrointestinal route: evidence and knowledge gaps. Int J Biomed Nanosci Nanotechnol 3:1–44
  • Blaber SP, Hill CJ, Webster RA, et al. (2013). Effect of labeling with iron oxide particles or nanodiamonds on the functionality of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 8:e52997
  • Cai X, Ramalingam R, Wong HS, et al. (2013). Characterization of carbon nanotube protein corona by using quantitative proteomics. Nanomedicine 9:583–93
  • Canton I, Battaglia G. (2012). Endocytosis at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 41:2718–39
  • Cava RJ. (1990). Structural chemistry and the local charge picture of copper oxide superconductors. Science 247:656–62
  • Cha MH, Rhim T, Kim KH, et al. (2007). Proteomic identification of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor upon exposure to TiO2 particles. Mol Cell Proteomics 6:56–63
  • Chen P, Lin J, Tan KL. (2000). Carbon nanotubes: a future material of life. IUBMB Life 49:105–8
  • Chen X, Schluesener HJ. (2008). Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application. Toxicol Lett 176:1–12
  • Cheng LC, Jiang X, Wang J, et al. (2013). Nano-bio effects: interaction of nanomaterials with cells. Nanoscale 5:3547–69
  • Cho EC, Zhang Q, Xia Y. (2011). The effect of sedimentation and diffusion on cellular uptake of gold nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 6:385–91
  • Choi AO, Brown SE, Szyf M, Maysinger D. (2008). Quantum dot-induced epigenetic and genotoxic changes in human breast cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 86:291–302
  • Connor EE, Mwamuka J, Gole A, et al. (2005). Gold nanoparticles are taken up by human cells but do not cause acute cytotoxicity. Small 1:325–7
  • Dani RK, Kang M, Kalita M, et al. (2008). MspA porin-gold nanoparticle assemblies: enhanced binding through a controlled cysteine mutation. Nano Lett 8:1229–36
  • de Volder MF, Tawfick SH, Baughman RH, Hart AJ. (2013). Carbon nanotubes: present and future commercial applications. Science 339:535–9
  • Dhas SP, Shiny PJ, Khan S, et al. (2014). Toxic behavior of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on environmental microorganisms. J Basic Microbiol 54:916–27
  • Docter D, Distler U, Storck W, et al. (2014). Quantitative profiling of the protein coronas that form around nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 9:2030–44
  • Dominguez A, Suarez-Merino B, Goni-DE-Cerio F. (2014). Nanoparticles and blood-brain barrier: the key to central nervous system diseases. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14:766–79
  • Du L, Pertsemlidis A. (2011). Cancer and neurodegenerative disorders: pathogenic convergence through microRNA regulation. J Mol Cell Biol 3:176–80
  • Dykman LA, Khlebtsov NG. (2011). Gold nanoparticles in biology and medicine: recent advances and prospects. Acta Naturae 3:34–55
  • El-Badawy AM, Silva RG, Morris B, et al. (2011). Surface charge-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Environ Sci Technol 45:283–7
  • Fu C, Liu T, Li L, et al. (2013). The absorption, distribution, excretion and toxicity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in mice following different exposure routes. Biomaterials 34:2565–75
  • Gadhia SR, Calabro AR, Barile FA. (2012). Trace metals alter DNA repair and histone modification pathways concurrently in mouse embryonic stem cells. Toxicol Lett 212:169–79
  • Gao Y, Gopee NV, Howard PC, Yu LR. (2011). Proteomic analysis of early response lymph node proteins in mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Proteomics 74:2745–59
  • Ge Y, Bruno M, Wallace K, et al. (2011). Proteome profiling reveals potential toxicity and detoxification pathways following exposure of BEAS-2B cells to engineered nanoparticle titanium dioxide. Proteomics 11:2406–22
  • George J, Shukla Y. (2011). Pesticides and cancer: insights into toxicoproteomic-based findings. J Proteomics 74:2713–22
  • George J, Singh R, Mahmood Z, Shukla Y. (2010). Toxicoproteomics: new paradigms in toxicology research. Toxicol Mech Methods 20:415–23
  • Gioria S, Chassaigne H, Carpi D, et al. (2014). A proteomic approach to investigate AuNPs effects in Balb/3T3 cells. Toxicol Lett 228:111–26
  • Gioria S, Lobo Vicente J, Barboro P, et al. (2015). A combined proteomics and metabolomics approach to assess the effects of gold nanoparticles in vitro. Nanotoxicology 10:736–48
  • Gong C, Tao G, Yang L, et al. (2012). Methylation of PARP-1 promoter involved in the regulation of nano-SiO2-induced decrease of PARP-1 mRNA expression. Toxicol Lett 209:264–9
  • Gong C, Tao G, Yang L, et al. (2010). SiO(2) nanoparticles induce global genomic hypomethylation in HaCaT cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 397:397–400
  • Gupta AK, Gupta M. (2005). Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 26:3995–4021
  • Gurunathan S, Lee KJ, Kalishwaralal K, et al. (2009). Antiangiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles. Biomaterials 30:6341–50
  • Haniu H, Matsuda Y, Takeuchi K, et al. (2010). Proteomics-based safety evaluation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 242:256–62
  • Haniu H, Matsuda Y, Usui Y, et al. (2011). Toxicoproteomic evaluation of carbon nanomaterials in vitro. J Proteomics 74:2703–12
  • Heim J, Felder E, Tahir MN, et al. (2015). Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale 7:8931–8
  • Higashisaka K, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita K, et al. (2011). Acute phase proteins as biomarkers for predicting the exposure and toxicity of nanomaterials. Biomaterials 32:3–9
  • Hilton GM, Taylor AJ, Mcclure CD, et al. (2015). Toxicoproteomic analysis of pulmonary carbon nanotube exposure using LC-MS/MS. Toxicology 329:80–7
  • Holgate ST. (2010). Exposure, uptake, distribution and toxicity of nanomaterials in humans. J Biomed Nanotechnol 6:1–19
  • Hu S, Loo JA, Wong DT. (2006). Human body fluid proteome analysis. Proteomics 6:6326–53
  • Hubbell JA, Chilkoti A. (2012). Chemistry. Nanomaterials for drug delivery. Science 337:303–5
  • Jeon YM, Park SK, Rhee SK, et al. (2010). Proteomic profiling of the differentially expressed proteins by TiO2 nanoparticles in mouse kidney. Mol Cell Toxicol 6:419–25
  • Jeon YM, Park SK, Kim WJ, et al. (2011). The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the protein expression in mouse lung. Mol Cell Toxicol 7:283–9
  • Jing X, Park JH, Peters TM, Thorne PS. (2015). Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in lung epithelial cells exposed at the air-liquid interface compared with in vivo assessment. Toxicol in Vitro 29:502–11
  • Ju L, Zhang G, Zhang X, et al. (2014). Proteomic analysis of cellular response induced by multi-walled carbon nanotubes exposure in A549 cells. PLoS One 9:e84974
  • Juang YM, Lai BH, Chien HJ, et al. (2014). Changes in protein expression in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles: an iTRAQ proteomic approach. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 28:974–80
  • Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J, Moller L. (2008). Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol 21:1726–32
  • Kelly PM, Aberg C, Polo E, et al. (2015). Mapping protein binding sites on the biomolecular corona of nanoparticles. Nat Nanotechnol 10:472–9
  • Kennedy S. (2002). The role of proteomics in toxicology: identification of biomarkers of toxicity by protein expression analysis. Biomarkers 7:269–90
  • Lai ZW, Yan Y, Caruso F, Nice EC. (2012). Emerging techniques in proteomics for probing nano-bio interactions. ACS Nano 6:10438–48
  • Lee KJ, Browning LM, Nallathamby PD, et al. (2012). In vivo quantitative study of sized-dependent transport and toxicity of single silver nanoparticles using zebrafish embryos. Chem Res Toxicol 25:1029–46
  • Lee S, Kim MS, Lee D, et al. (2013). The comparative immunotoxicity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and colloidal silica nanoparticles in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 8:147–58
  • Lesniak A, Fenaroli F, Monopoli MP, et al. (2012). Effects of the presence or absence of a protein corona on silica nanoparticle uptake and impact on cells. ACS Nano 6:5845–57
  • Li P, Lai X, Witzmann FA, Blazer-Yost BL. (2013a). Bioinformatic analysis of differential protein expression in Calu-3 cells exposed to carbon nanotubes. Proteomes 1:219–39
  • Li S, Yang S, Chen G, et al. (2014a). Mechanism of cellular uptake, localization and cytotoxicity of organic nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14:3292–8
  • Li X, Gao J, Yang Y, et al. (2013b). Nanomaterials in the application of tumor vaccines: advantages and disadvantages. Onco Targets Ther 6:629–34
  • Li YZ, Cheng CS, Chen CJ, et al. (2014b). Functional annotation of proteomic data from chicken heterophils and macrophages induced by carbon nanotube exposure. Int J Mol Sci 15:8372–92
  • Lin YR, Kuo CJ, Lin HY, et al. (2014). A proteomics analysis to evaluate cytotoxicity in NRK-52E cells caused by unmodified Nano-Fe(3)O(4). ScientificWorldJournal 2014:754721
  • Lin Z, Ma L, X ZG, et al. (2013). A comparative study of lung toxicity in rats induced by three types of nanomaterials. Nanoscale Res Lett 8:521
  • Linscheid MW, Ahrends R, Pieper S, Kuhn A. (2009). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. Methods Mol Biol 564:189–205
  • Love SA, Maurer-Jones MA, Thompson JW, et al. (2012). Assessing nanoparticle toxicity. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif) 5:181–205
  • Lundqvist M, Stigler J, Cedervall T, et al. (2011). The evolution of the protein corona around nanoparticles: a test study. ACS Nano 5:7503–9
  • Mahmoudi M, Laurent S, Shokrgozar MA, Hosseinkhani M. (2011). Toxicity evaluations of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: cell “vision” versus physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. ACS Nano 5:7263–76
  • Mamaeva V, Sahlgren C, Linden M. (2013). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in medicine-recent advances. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:689–702
  • Masoud R, Bizouarn T, Trepout S, et al. (2015). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increase superoxide anion production by acting on NADPH oxidase. PLoS One 10:e0144829
  • Miller I, Serchi T, Murk AJ, Gutleb AC. (2014). The added value of proteomics for toxicological studies. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 17:225–46
  • Mirsadeghi S, Dinarvand R, Ghahremani MH, et al. (2015). Protein corona composition of gold nanoparticles/nanorods affects amyloid beta fibrillation process. Nanoscale 7:5004–13
  • Monopoli MP, Pitek AS, Lynch I, Dawson KA. (2013). Formation and characterization of the nanoparticle-protein corona. Methods Mol Biol 1025:137–55
  • Monopoli MP, Walczyk D, Campbell A, et al. (2011). Physical-chemical aspects of protein corona: relevance to in vitro and in vivo biological impacts of nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 133:2525–34
  • Muth-Kohne E, Sonnack L, Schlich K, et al. (2013). The toxicity of silver nanoparticles to zebrafish embryos increases through sewage treatment processes. Ecotoxicology 22:1264–77
  • Napierska D, Rabolli V, Thomassen LC, et al. (2012). Oxidative stress induced by pure and iron-doped amorphous silica nanoparticles in subtoxic conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 25:828–37
  • Ng CT, Yung LY, Swa HL, et al. (2015). Altered protein expression profile associated with phenotypic changes in lung fibroblasts co-cultured with gold nanoparticle-treated small airway epithelial cells. Biomaterials 39:31–8
  • O’Farrell N, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. (2006). Silicon nanoparticles: applications in cell biology and medicine. Int J Nanomedicine 1:451–72
  • Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J. (2005). Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–39
  • Okoturo-Evans O, Dybowska A, Valsami-Jones E, et al. (2013). Elucidation of toxicity pathways in lung epithelial cells induced by silicon dioxide nanoparticles. PLoS One 8:e72363
  • Pal A, DAS S. (2015). Morphine causes persistent induction of nitrated neurofilaments in cortex and subcortex even during abstinence. Neuroscience 291:177–88
  • Palomaki J, Sund J, Vippola M, et al. (2015). A secretomics analysis reveals major differences in the macrophage responses towards different types of carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 9:719–28
  • Petricoin EF, Rajapaske V, Herman EH, et al. (2004). Toxicoproteomics: serum proteomic pattern diagnostics for early detection of drug induced cardiac toxicities and cardioprotection. Toxicol Pathol 32:122–30
  • Pisani C, Gaillard JC, Nouvel V, et al. (2015). High-throughput, quantitative assessment of the effects of low-dose silica nanoparticles on lung cells: grasping complex toxicity with a great depth of field. BMC Genomics 16:315
  • Prochazkova J, Kabatkova M, Bryja V, et al. (2011). The interplay of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and β-catenin alters both AhR-dependent transcription and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in liver progenitors. Toxicol Sci 122:349–60
  • Qu Y, Huang Y, Lu X. (2013). Proteomic analysis of molecular biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles to human dermal fibroblasts-fetal. J Biomed Nanotechnol 9:40–52
  • Qu Z, Li W, Fu B. (2014). MicroRNAs in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Res Int 2014:527895
  • Rabilloud T, Lescuyer P. (2015). Proteomics in mechanistic toxicology: history, concepts, achievements, caveats, and potential. Proteomics 15:1051–74
  • Roy DN, Mandal S, Sen G, Biswas T. (2009). Superoxide anion mediated mitochondrial dysfunction leads to hepatocyte apoptosis preferentially in the periportal region during copper toxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 182:136–47
  • Saptarshi SR, Duschl A, Lopata AL. (2013). Interaction of nanoparticles with proteins: relation to bio-reactivity of the nanoparticle. J Nanobiotechnology 11:26
  • Shannahan JH, Lai X, Ke PC, et al. (2013). Silver nanoparticle protein corona composition in cell culture media. PLoS One 8:e74001
  • Shrivastava S, Nuffer JH, Siegel RW, Dordick JS. (2012). Position-specific chemical modification and quantitative proteomics disclose protein orientation adsorbed on silica nanoparticles. Nano Lett 12:1583–7
  • Smijs TG, Pavel S. (2011). Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 4:95–112
  • Soberanes S, Gonzalez A, Urich D, et al. (2012). Particulate matter Air Pollution induces hypermethylation of the p16 promoter via a mitochondrial ROS-JNK-DNMT1 pathway. Sci Rep 2:275
  • Su CL, Chen TT, Chang CC, et al. (2013). Comparative proteomics of inhaled silver nanoparticles in healthy and allergen provoked mice. Int J Nanomedicine 8:2783–99
  • Sund J, Palomaki J, Ahonen N, et al. (2014). Phagocytosis of nano-sized titanium dioxide triggers changes in protein acetylation. J Proteomics 108:469–83
  • Teeguarden JG, Webb-Robertson BJ, Waters KM, et al. (2011). Comparative proteomics and pulmonary toxicity of instilled single-walled carbon nanotubes, crocidolite asbestos, and ultrafine carbon black in mice. Toxicol Sci 120:123–35
  • Tenzer S, Docter D, Kuharev J, et al. (2013). Rapid formation of plasma protein corona critically affects nanoparticle pathophysiology. Nat Nanotechnol 8:772–81
  • Titz B, Elamin A, Martin F, et al. (2014). Proteomics for systems toxicology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 11:73–90
  • Triboulet S, Aude-Garcia C, Armand L, et al. (2015). Comparative proteomic analysis of the molecular responses of mouse macrophages to titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles unravels some toxic mechanisms for copper oxide nanoparticles in macrophages. PLoS One 10:e0124496
  • Triboulet S, Aude-Garcia C, Armand L, et al. (2014). Analysis of cellular responses of macrophages to zinc ions and zinc oxide nanoparticles: a combined targeted and proteomic approach. Nanoscale 6:6102–14
  • Triboulet S, Aude-Garcia C, Carriere M, et al. (2013). Molecular responses of mouse macrophages to copper and copper oxide nanoparticles inferred from proteomic analyses. Mol Cell Proteomics 12:3108–22
  • Trosko JE, Chang CC, Upham B, Wilson M. (1998). Epigenetic toxicology as toxicant-induced changes in intracellular signalling leading to altered gap junctional intercellular communication. Toxicol Lett 102–103:71–8
  • Tsai YY, Huang YH, Chao YL, et al. (2011). Identification of the nanogold particle-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress by omic techniques and systems biology analysis. ACS Nano 5:9354–69
  • Vidanapathirana AK, Lai X, Hilderbrand SC, et al. (2012). Multi-walled carbon nanotube directed gene and protein expression in cultured human aortic endothelial cells is influenced by suspension medium. Toxicology 302:114–22
  • Vuong NQ, Goegan P, Mohottalage S, et al. (2016). Proteomic changes in human lung epithelial cells (A549) in response to carbon black and titanium dioxide exposures. J Proteomics. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.046
  • Walkey CD, Olsen JB, Guo H, et al. (2012). Nanoparticle size and surface chemistry determine serum protein adsorption and macrophage uptake. J Am Chem Soc 134:2139–47
  • Walkey CD, Olsen JB, Song F, et al. (2014). Protein corona fingerprinting predicts the cellular interaction of gold and silver nanoparticles. ACS Nano 8:2439–55
  • Wang Z, Zhao Y, Smith E, et al. (2011). Reversal and prevention of arsenic-induced human bronchial epithelial cell malignant transformation by microRNA-200b. Toxicol Sci 121:110–22
  • Wetmore BA, Merrick BA. (2004). Toxicoproteomics: proteomics applied to toxicology and pathology. Toxicol Pathol 32:619–42
  • Whitesides GM, Mathias JP, Seto CT. (1991). Molecular self-assembly and nanochemistry: a chemical strategy for the synthesis of nanostructures. Science 254:1312–9
  • Witzmann FA, Monteiro-Riviere NA. (2006). Multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure alters protein expression in human keratinocytes. Nanomedicine 2:158–68
  • Witzmann FA, Richardson MR. (2006). Two-dimensional gels for toxicological drug discovery applications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2:103–11
  • Xie F, Liu T, Qian WJ, et al. (2011). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. J Biol Chem 286:25443–9
  • Xie J, Huang J, Li X, et al. (2009). Iron oxide nanoparticle platform for biomedical applications. Curr Med Chem 16:1278–94
  • Yang X, Liu J, He H, et al. (2010). SiO2 nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity and protein expression alteration in HaCaT cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 7. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-7-1
  • Yeh YC, Creran B, Rotello VM. (2012). Gold nanoparticles: preparation, properties, and applications in bionanotechnology. Nanoscale 4:1871–80
  • Yu T, Malugin A, Ghandehari H. (2011). Impact of silica nanoparticle design on cellular toxicity and hemolytic activity. ACS Nano 5:5717–28
  • Yuan J, Gao H, Ching CB. (2011a). Comparative protein profile of human hepatoma HepG2 cells treated with graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes: an iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS proteome analysis. Toxicol Lett 207:213–21
  • Yuan J, Gao H, Sui J, et al. (2011b). Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes on human hepatoma HepG2 cells: an iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS proteome analysis. Toxicol in Vitro 25:1820–7
  • Yuan J, Gao H, Sui J, et al. (2012). Cytotoxicity evaluation of oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide on human hepatoma HepG2 cells: an iTRAQ-coupled 2D LC-MS/MS proteome analysis. Toxicol Sci 126:149–61
  • Zaccaria A, Roux-Dalvai F, Bouamrani A, et al. (2015). Accessing to the minor proteome of red blood cells through the influence of the nanoparticle surface properties on the corona composition. Int J Nanomedicine 10:1869–83
  • Zamudio A, Elias AL, Rodriguez-Manzo JA, et al. (2006). Efficient anchoring of silver nanoparticles on N-doped carbon nanotubes. Small 2:346–50
  • Zhang Z, Wang C, Zha Y, et al. (2015). Corona-directed nucleic acid delivery into hepatic stellate cells for liver fibrosis therapy. ACS Nano 9:2405–19

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.