References
- Anderson CMH, Thwaites DT. (2007). Regulation of intestinal hPepT1 (SLC15A1) activity by phosphodiesterase inhibitors is via inhibition of NHE3 (SLC9A3). Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA)-Biomembr 1768:1822–9.
- Aslan A, Van Meurs M, Moser J, et al. (2017). Organ-specific differences in endothelial permeability-regulating molecular responses in mouse and human sepsis. Shock 48:69–77.
- Avni D, Ernst O, Philosoph A, Zor T. (2010). Role of CREB in modulation of TNFα and IL-10 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Immunol 47:1396–403.
- Bleich D, Chen S, Bursten SL, Nadler JL. (1996). Lisofylline, an inhibitor of unsaturated phosphatidic acid generation, ameliorates interleukin-1β-induced dysfunction in cultured rat islets. Endocrinology 137:4871–7.
- Bright JJ, Du C, Coon M, et al. (1998). Prevention of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis via inhibition of IL-12 signaling and IL-12-mediated Th1 differentiation: an effect of the novel anti-inflammatory drug lisofylline. J Immunol 161:7015–22.
- Bursten S, Weeks R, West J, et al. (1994). Potential role for phosphatidic acid in mediating the inflammatory responses to TNF alpha and IL-1 beta. Circulatory Shock 44:14–29.
- Bursten SL, Federighi D, Wald J, et al. (1998). Lisofylline causes rapid and prolonged suppression of serum levels of free fatty acids. J Pharmacol ExperimentTherapeut 284:337–45.
- Chiou WL, Gadalla MA, Peng GW. (1978). Method for the rapid estimation of the total body drug clearance and adjustment of dosage regimens in patients during a constant-rate intravenous infusion. J pharmacokinet Biopharma 6:135–51.
- Clarke E, Rice GC, Weeks RS, et al. (1996). Lisofylline inhibits transforming growth factor β release and enhances trilineage hematopoietic recovery after 5-fluorouracil treatment in mice. Cancer Res 56:105–12.
- Coon ME, Diegel M, Leshinsky N, Klaus SJ. (1999). Selective pharmacologic inhibition of murine and human IL-12-dependent Th1 differentiation and IL-12 signaling. J Immunol (Baltimore, MD.:1950) 163:6567–74.
- Cui P, Macdonald TL, Chen M, Nadler JL. (2006). Synthesis and biological evaluation of lisofylline (LSF) analogs as a potential treatment for Type 1 diabetes. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett 16:3401–5.
- Drobná Z, Stein U, Walther W, et al. (2002). Pentoxifylline influences drug transport activity of P-glycoprotein and decreases mdrl gene expression in multidrug resistant mouse leukemic L1210/VCR cells. General Physiol Biophys 21:103–9.
- Eigler A, Siegmund B, Emmerich U, et al. (1998). Anti-inflammatory activities of cAMP-elevating agents: enhancement of IL-10 synthesis and concurrent suppression of TNF production. J Leukocyte Biol 63:101–7.
- European Medicines Agency (EMA). (2012). Guideline on bioanalytical method validation [online]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2011/08/WC500109686.pdf [Accessed 15 Jul 2017].
- Fantin M, Quintieri L, Kúsz E, et al. (2006). Pentoxifylline and its major oxidative metabolites exhibit different pharmacological properties. Eur J Pharmacol 535:301–9.
- George CLS, Fantuzzi G, Bursten S, et al. (2009). Effects of lisofylline on hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol 276:776–85.
- Jankowska A, Swierczek A, Chlon-Rzepa G, et al. (2017). PDE7-Selective and dual inhibitors: advances in chemical and biological research. Curr. Med. Chem 24:673–700.
- Lee SH, Slattery JT. (1997). Cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in lisofylline metabolism to pentoxifylline in human liver microsomes. Drug MetabDispos 25:1354–8.
- List A, Maziarz R, Stiff P, et al. (2000). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of lisofylline in HLA-identical, sibling-donor, allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 25:283–91.
- Mager DE, Woo S, Jusko WJ. (2009). Scaling pharmacodynamics from in vitro and preclinical animal studies to humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 24:16–24.
- Margolin K, Atkins M, Sparano J, et al. (1997). Prospective randomized trial of lisofylline for the prevention of toxicities of high-dose interleukin 2 therapy in advanced renal cancer and malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 3:565–72.
- McCarty MF, O’Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. (2016). Pentoxifylline for vascular health: a brief review of the literature. Open Heart 3:e000365.
- Nicklasson M, Björkman S, Roth B, et al. (2002). Stereoselective metabolism of pentoxifylline in vitro and in vivo in humans. Chirality 14:643–52.
- De Paepe P, Belpaire FM, Buylaert WA. (2002). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations when treating patients with sepsis and septic shock. Clin Pharmacokin 41: 1135–51.
- Pfitzner E, Kliem S, Baus D, Litterst CM. (2004). The role of STATs in inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Curr Pharm Des 10:2839–50.
- Piao N, Ikejima K, Kon K, et al. (2009). Synthetic triglyceride containing an arachidonic acid branch (8A8) prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury. Life Sci 85:617–24.
- Rice GC, Brown PA, Nelson RJ, et al. (1994). Protection from endotoxic shock in mice by pharmacologic inhibition of phosphatidic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:3857–61.
- Shin HS, Slattery JT. (1998). CYP3A4-mediated oxidation of lisofylline to lisofylline 4,5-diol in human liver microsomes. J Pharm Sci 87:390–3.
- Świerczek A, Wyska E, Baś S, et al. (2017). PK/PD studies on non-selective PDE inhibitors in rats using cAMP as a marker of pharmacological response. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol 390:1047–59.
- Tachibana T, Kato M, Sugiyama Y. (2012). Prediction of nonlinear intestinal absorption of CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein substrates from their in vitro Km values. Pharm Res 29:651–68.
- Viladkar A, Chitnis M. (1994). In vitro effects of pentoxifylline and doxorubicin on cell survival and DNA damage in sensitive and MDR-P388 leukemia cells. Cancer Biother 9:143–51.
- Wiedemann HP, Arroliga AC, Komara J, et al. (2002). Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lisofylline for early treatment of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 30:1–6.
- Wyska E. (2010a). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of methylxanthine derivatives in mice challenged with high-dose lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacology 85:264–71.
- Wyska E. (2010b). Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and methylxanthine derivatives in mice. Drug Metab Lett 1:15–24.
- Wyska E, Pekala E, Szymura-Oleksiak J. (2006). Interconversion and tissue distribution of pentoxifylline and lisofylline in mice. Chirality 18:644–51.
- Wyska E, Świerczek A, Pociecha K, Przejczowska-Pomierny K. (2016). Physiologically based modeling of lisofylline pharmacokinetics following intravenous administration in mice. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokin 41:403–12.
- Wyska E, Szymura-Oleksiak J, Pȩkala E, et al. (2007). Pharmacokinetic modelling of pentoxifylline and lisofylline after oral and intravenous administration in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 59:495–501.
- Yang Z, Chen M, Carter JD, et al. (2006). Combined treatment with lisofylline and exendin-4 reverses autoimmune diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 344:1017–22.
- Yang Z, Chen M, Fialkow LB, et al. (2003). Inhibition of STAT4 activation by lisofylline is associated with the protection of autoimmune diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1005:409–11.
- Yang ZD, Chen M, Wu R, et al. (2002). The anti-inflammatory compound lisofylline prevents type I diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 45:1307–14.
- Zhu Q, Qian X, Wang S, et al. (2006). A comparison of elderly and adult multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in the rat model. Exp Gerontol 41:771–7.