References
- Alving AS, Carson PE, Flanagan CL, Ickes CE. (1956). Enzymatic deficiency in primaquine-sensitive erythrocytes. Science (Wash DC) 124:484–5.
- Anon. (2012). What happened to personalized medicine? Nat Biotechnol 30:1.
- Arias TD, Jorge LF, Barrantes R. (1991). Uses and misuses of definitions of genetic polymorphism. A perspective from population pharmacogenetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 31:117–9.
- Ballin JC. (1963). Pharmacogenetics; heredity and the response to drugs. J Am Med Assoc 183:719.
- Bearn AG. (1964). Pharmacogenetics, heredity and the response to drugs. Am Rev Respir Dis 89:593–4.
- Bonicke R, Reif W. (1953). Enzymatische Inaktivierung von Isonicotinsäurehydrazid im Menschlichen und tierischen Organismus. Archiv Exp Pathol Pharmackol (Naunyn-Schmeideberg) 220:321–33.
- Cavalli-Sforza LL, Bodmer WF. (1971). The genetics of human populations. San Francisco: Freeman WH.
- Conti A, Bickel MH. (1977). History of drug metabolism: discoveries of the major pathways in the 19th century. Drug Metab Rev 6:1–50.
- Di Cyan E. (1963). Pharmacogenetics: heredity and the response to drugs. Arch Intern Med 112:288–9.
- Drayna D. (2005). Human taste genetics. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6:217–35.
- Drozda K, Pacanowski MA, Grimstein C, Zineh I. (2018). Pharmacogenetic labelling of FDA-approved drugs: a regulatory retrospective. JACC Basic Transl Sci 3:545–9.
- Ford EB. (1940). Polymorphism and taxonomy. In: Huxyley J, ed. The new systematics. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 493–513.
- Frueh FW, Amur S, Mummaneni P, et al. (2008). Pharmacogenomic biomarker information in drug labels approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration: prevalence of related drug use. Pharmacotherapy 28:992–8.
- Gammal RS, Caudle KE, Klein TE, Relling MV. (2019). Considerations for pharmacogenomics testing in a health system. Genet Med 21:1886.
- Garrod A. (1902). The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality. Lancet 160:1616–20.
- Garrod A. (1908). Inborn errors of metabolism: the Croonian Lectures delivered before the Royal College of Physicians, London (1908) June 18th, 23rd, 25th, 30th. Lancet 172:1–7; 172:73–9; 172:142–8; 172:214–20.
- Garrod A. (1909). Inborn errors of metabolism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Garrod A. (1923). Inborn errors of metabolism. 2nd ed. London, UK: Frowde, Hodder and Stoughton.
- Green DJ, Mummaneni P, Kim IW, et al. (2016). Pharmacogenomic information in FDA-approved drug labels: application to pediatric patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 99:622–32.
- Hedrick PW. (2011). Genetics of populations. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 104.
- Hughes HB, Schmidt LH, Biehl JP. (1955). The metabolism of isoniazid, its implications in therapeutic use. Trans Conf Chemother Tuberc 14:217–22.
- Hughes HB. (1953). On the metabolic fate of isoniazid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 109:444–52.
- IWPC. (2009). International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium. Estimation of the warfarin dose with clinical and pharmacogenetic data. N Eng J Med 360:753–64.
- Jackson PR, Boobis AR, Tucker GT. (1991). Phenotype or genotype? Br J Clin Pharmacol 31:119–20.
- Johnson JA, Gong L, Whirl-Carrillo M, et al. (2011). Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guidelines for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes and warfarin dosing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 90:625–9.
- Kalow W. (1956). Familial incidence of low pseudocholinesterase level. Lancet 268:576–7.
- Kalow W. (1962). Pharmacogenetics: heredity and the response to drugs. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 231 pp.
- Kalow W. (2006). Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: origin, status, and the hope for personalized medicine. Pharmacogenom J 6:162–5.
- Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H, et al. (2003). Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299:1221–5.
- Kin T, Han N, Sohn M, et al. (2015). Pharmacogenomic biomarker information in FDA-approved paediatric drug labels. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 116:438–44.
- Lasagna L. (1963). Pharmacogenetics. Heredity and the response to drugs. J Clin Epidemiol 16:1034.
- Lesko IJ, Zinch I. (2010). DNA, drugs and chariots: on a decade of pharmacogenomics at the US FDA. Pharmacogenomics 1:507–12.
- Marshall A. (1997). Laying the foundations for personalized medicines. Nat Biotechnol 15:954–7.
- McKusick VA. (1966). Mendelian inheritance in man. Catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and X-linked phenotypes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Mitchell SC, Waring RH. (2018). Alexander Ure and the birth of drug metabolism. London, UK: Printed.com, 42 pp.
- Motulsky AG, Qi M. (2006). Pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and ecogenetics. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 7:169–70.
- Motulsky AG. (1957). Drug reactions enzymes, and biochemical genetics. J Am Med Assoc 165:835–7.
- Nebert DW, Jorge-Nebert L, Vesell ES. (2003). Pharmacogenomics and “individualized drug therapy”: high expectations and disappointing achievements. Am J Pharmacogenomics 3:361–70.
- O’Neil WM, Gilfix BM, Markoglou N, et al. (2000). Genotype and phenotype of cytochrome P450 2D6 in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56:231–40.
- Otsubo Y, Asahina Y, Noguchi A, et al. (2012). Similarities and differences between US and Japan as to pharmacogenomics biomarker information in drug labels. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 27:142–9.
- Preskorn SH, Kane CP, Lobello K, et al. (2013). Cytochrome P450 2D6 phenoconversion is common in patients being treated for depression: implications for personalized medicine. J Clin Psychiatry 74:614–21.
- Price Evans DA, Clarke CA. (1961). Pharmacogenetics. Br Med Bull 17:234–40.
- Schuck RN, Grillo JA. (2016). Pharmacogenomic biomarkers: an FDA perspective on utilization in biological product labeling. AAPS J 18:573–7.
- Scribonius GA. (1584). De Inspectione Urinarum. Germany: Ed. Lemgo, 50.
- Scriver CR. (2008). Garrod’s Croonian lectures (1908) and the charter ‘inborn errors of metabolism’: albinism, alkaptonuria, cystinuria, and pentosuria at age 100 in 2008. J Inherit Metab Dis 31:580–98.
- Shah RR, Smith RL. (2012). Phenocopy and phenoconversion: do they complicate association studies? Pharmacogenomics 13:981–4.
- Shah RR, Smith RL. (2015). Addressing phenoconversion: the Achilles' heel of personalized medicine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 79:222–40.
- Shimazawa R, Ikeda M. (2013). Differences in pharmacogenomic biomarker information in package inserts from the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan. J Clin Pharm Ther 38:468–75.
- Shimazawa R, Ikeda M. (2018). Pharmacogenomic biomarkers: interpretation of information included in Unites States and Japanese drug labels. J Clin Pharm Ther 43:500–6.
- Simmons JG. (2002). Doctors and discoveries: lives that created today’s medicines. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Company, 216.
- Snyder LH. (1932). Studies on human inheritance. IX. The inheritance of taste deficiency in man. Ohio J Sci 32:436–8.
- Tutton R. (2014). Pharmacogenomic biomarkers in drug labels: what do they tell us? Pharmacogenomics 15:297–304.
- Ure A. (1841). On gouty concretions, with a new method of treatment. Med Chir Trans 24:30–5.
- Vassy JL, Stone A, Callaghan JT, et al. (2019). Pharmacogenetic testing in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA): policy recommendations from the VHA Clinical Pharmacogenetics Subcommittee. Genet Med 21:382–90.
- Vassy JL, Stone A, Callaghan JT, et al. (2019b). Response to Gammal et al. Genet Med. 21:1888–9.
- Vivot A, Boutron I, Ravaud P, Porcher R. (2015). Guidance for pharmacogenomic biomarker testing in labels of FDA-approved drugs. Genet Med 17:733–8.
- Vogel F. (1959). Moderne Probleme der Humangenetic. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 12:52–125.
- Walker NF. (1964). Pharmacogenetics: heredity and the response to drugs. Can J Genet Cytol 6:118–9.
- Wang B, Canestaro WJ, Choudhry NK. (2014). Clinical evidence supporting pharmacogenomic biomarker testing provided in US Food and Drug Administration drug labels. JAMA Intern Med 174:1938–44.