Comparative pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of low and high dose verapamil by UPLC-MS/MS

References

• Al-Sadi R, Khatib K, Guo S, et al. (2011). Occludin regulates macromolecule flux across the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 300:G1054–G1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blokzijl H, Vander Borght S, Bok LI, et al. (2007). Decreased P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1) expression in inflamed human intestinal epithelium is independent of PXR protein levels. Inflamm Bowel Dis 13:710–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brozmanova H, Grundmanna M, Safarcık K, Jegorovc A. (2000). High-performance liquid chromatographic method for therapeutic drug monitoring of cyclosporine A and its two metabolites in renal transplant patients. J Chromatogr B 749:93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echizen H, Manz M, Eichelbaum M. (1988). Electrophysiologic effects of dextro- and levo-verapamil on sinus node and AV node function in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 12:543–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichelbaum M, Ende M, Remberg G, et al. (1979). The metabolism of DL-[14C]verapamil in man. Drug Metab Dispos 7:145–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada K, Ikemi Y, Kukita K, et al. (2008). Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of verapamil in the small intestine and liver in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 36:2037–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hryniewiecka E, Żegarska J, Żochowska D, et al. (2019). Cyclosporine Metabolites’ Metabolic Ratios May Be Markers of Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients Treated with Cyclosporine A-Based Immunosuppression Regimens. Cardiovasc Toxicol 19:255–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang Y, Hu N, Gao X, et al. (2015). Alterations of testosterone metabolism in microsomes from rats with experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Chem Biol Interact 232:38–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing W, Gao X, Han B, et al. (2017). Mori Cortex regulates P-glycoprotein in Caco-2 cells and colons from rats with experimental colitis via direct and gut microbiota-mediated mechanisms. RSC Adv 7:2594–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing W, Safarpour Y, Zhang T, et al. (2018). Berberine upregulates P-glycoprotein in human caco-2 cells and in an experimental model of colitis in the rat via activation of nrf2-dependent mechanisms. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 366:332–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawauchi S, Nakamura T, Miki I, et al. (2014). Downregulation of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in the secondary inflammatory response of mice with dextran sulfate sodium–induced colitis and its contribution to cyclosporine A blood concentrations. J Pharmacol Sci 124:180–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koetzner L, Grover G, Boulet J, Jacoby HI. (2010). Plant-derived polysaccharide supplements inhibit dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in the rat. Dig Dis Sci 55:1278–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusunoki Y, Ikarashi N, Hayakawa Y, et al. (2014). Hepatic early inflammation induces downregulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 expression and metabolic activity in the dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis. Eur J Pharm Sci 54:17–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latteri M, Angeloni G, Silveri NG, et al. (2001). Pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin microemulsion in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 40:473–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mankertz J, Schulzke JD. (2007). Altered permeability in inflammatory bowel disease: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 23:379–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler KD, Fuchs TA, Nauseef WM, et al. (2011). Myeloperoxidase is required for neutrophil extracellular trap formation: implications for innate immunity. Blood 117:953–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikus G, Eichelbaum M, Fischer C, et al. (1990). Interaction of verapamil and cimetidine: Stereochemical aspects of drug metabolism, drug disposition and drug action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 253:1042–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miner-Williams WM, Moughan PJ. (2016). Intestinal barrier dysfunction: implications for chronic inflammatory conditions of the bowel. Nutr Res Rev 29:40–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli-Magnus C, von Richter O, Burk O, et al. (2000). Characterization of the major metabolites of verapamil as substrates and inhibitors of P-glycoprotein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293:376–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quevedo MA, Nieto LE, Briñón MC. (2011). P-glycoprotein limits the absorption of the anti-HIV drug zidovudine through rat intestinal segments. Eur J Pharm Sci 43:151–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh H, Aungst BJ. (1995). Possible involvement of multiple P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux systems in the transport of verapamil and other organic cations across rat intestine. Pharm Res 12:1304–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandström R, Karlsson A, Lennernäs H. (1998). The absence of stereoselective P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of R/S-verapamil across the rat jejunum. J Pharm Pharmacol 50:729–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz H, Barmeyer C, Fromm M, et al. (1999). Altered tight junction structure contributes to the impaired epithelial barrier function in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 116:301–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus M, Spiegelhalder B, Stieren B, Eichelbaum M. (1976). Physiologic disposition of verapamil in man. Cardiovasc Res 10:605–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva R, Vilas-Boas V, Carmo H, et al. (2015). Modulation of P-glycoprotein efflux pump: Induction and activation as a therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Ther 149:1–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. (2005). Guidance for industry: estimating the maximum safe starting dose in initial clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm078932.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Varma MV, Panchagnula R. (2005). Prediction of in vivo intestinal absorption enhancement on P-glycoprotein inhibition, from rat in situ permeability. J Pharm Sci 94:1694–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma MV, Sateesh K, Panchagnula R. (2005). Functional role of P-glycoprotein in limiting intestinal absorption of drugs: contribution of passive permeability to P-glycoprotein mediated efflux transport. Mol Pharm 2:12–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelgesang B, Echizen H, Schmidt E, Eichelbaum M. (1984). Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of highly cleared drugs: studies of the bioavailability of L- and D-verapamil examined with a stable isotope technique. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18:733–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu LC. (2018). Microbiota dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancers: exploring a common ground hypothesis. J Biomed Sci 25:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Ding L, Wang B, et al. (2015). Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates experimental inflammatory bowel disease via pregnane X receptor activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 352:315–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar