Differential gene expression in drug metabolism and toxicology: practicalities, problems and potential

References

• ADAMS, M. D., KELLEY, J. M., GOCAYNE, J. D., DuRNIcx, M., POLYMEROPOULOS, M. H., )(Lao, H., MERRIL, C. R., Wu, A., OLDE, B., MORENO, R. F., KERLAVAGE, A. R., McCommE, W. R. and VENroR, J. C., 1991, Complementary DNA sequencing: expressed sequence tags and human genome project. Science, 252, 1651–1656.
   Google Scholar
• AN, G., Luo, G., VELTRI, R. W. and O'HARA, S. M., 1996, Sensitive non-radioactive differential display method using chemiluminescent detection. Biotechniques, 20, 342–346.
   Google Scholar
• AXEL, R., FEIGELSON, P. and SCHULTZ, G., 1976, Analysis of the complexity and diversity of mRNA from chicken liver and oviduct. Cell, 7, 247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAND, V. and SAGE R., 1989, Distinctive traits of normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells expressed in a medium that supports long-term growth of both cell types. Proceedings of the Naional Academy of Sciences, USA, 86,1249–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BALER, D., MULLER, H., REICH, J., RIEDEL, H., AHRENKIEL V., WARTHOE, P. and STRAUSS, M., 1993, Identification of differentially expressed mRNA species by an improved display technique (DDRT-PCR). Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 4272–4280.
   Google Scholar
• BERTIOLI, D. J., SCHLICHTER, U. H. A., ADAMS, M. J., BURROWS, P. R., STEINBISS, H.-H. and ANTONIW J. F., 1995, An analysis of differential display shows a strong bias towards high copy number mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4520–4523.
   Google Scholar
• BRAVO, R., 1990, Genes induced during the GO/G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 1, 37–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BURN, T. C., PETROVICK, M. S., HOHAUS, S., ROLLINS, B. J. and TENEN, D. G., 1994, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene is expressed in activated neutrophils and retinoic acid-induced human myeloid cell lines. Blood, 84, 2776–2783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAO, J., CAI, X., ZILENG, L., GENG, L., SHI, Z., PAO, C. C. and ZHENG, S., 1997, Characterisation of colorectal cancer-related cDNA clones obtained by subtractive hybridisation screening. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, 123, 447–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CASSIDY, S. B., 1995, Uniparental disomy and genomic imprinting as causes of human genetic disease. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 25 (Suppl 26), 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG, G. W. and TERZAGHI -HOWE, M., 1998, Multiple changes in gene expression are associated with normal cell-induced modulation of the neoplastic phenotype. Cancer Research, 58, 4445–4452.
   Google Scholar
• CITEN, J., SCHWARTZ, D. A., YOUNG, T. A., NORRIS, J. S. and YAGER, J. D., 1996, Identification of genes whose expression is altered during mitosuppression in livers of ethinyl estradiol-treated female rats. Carcinogenesis, 17, 2783–2786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHEN, J. J. W. and PECK, K., 1996, Non-radioactive differential display method to directly visualise and amplify differential bands on nylon membrane. Nucleic Acid Research, 24, 793–794.
   Google Scholar
• CLON TECHNIQUES, 1997a, PCR-Select Differential Screening Kit—the nextstep after Clontech PCR-Select cDNA subtraction. C lonT echniques, XII, 18–19.
   Google Scholar
• CLON TECHNIQUES, 1997b, Housekeeping RT-PCR amplimers and cDNA probes. C lonT echniques, XII, 15–16.
   Google Scholar
• DAVIS, M. M., COHEN, D. I., NIELSEN, E. A., STEINMETZ, M., PAUL, W. E. and HOOD, L., 1984, Cell-type-specific cDNA probes and the murine I region: the localization and orientation of Ad alpha. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 81, 2194–2198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DELLAVALLE, R. P., PETERSON, R. and LINDQUIST, S., 1994, Preferential deadenylation of HSP70 mRNA plays a key role in regulating Hsp70 expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular and Cell Biology, 14, 3646–3659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DERisi, J. L., VASHWANATH, R. L. and BROWN, P., 1997, Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale. Science, 278, 680–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIATCHENKO, L., LAU, Y.-F. C., CAMPBELL, A. P., CHENCHIK, A., MOQADAM, F., HUANG, B., LUKYANOV K., GURSKAYA, N., SVERDLOV, E. D. and SIEBERT, P. D., 1996, Suppression subtractive hybridisation: A method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93, 6025–6030.
   Google Scholar
• DOGRA, S. C., WHITELAW, M. L. and MAY, B. K., 1998, Transcriptional activation of cytochrome P450 genes by different classes of chemical inducers. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 25, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUGUID, J. R. and DINAUER, M. C., 1990, Library subtraction of in vitro cDNA libraries to identify differentially expressed genes in scrapie infection. Nucleic Acids Research, 18, 2789–2792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DUNBAR, P. R., OGG, G. S., CHEN, J., RUST, N., VAN DER BRUGGEN, P. and CERUNDOLO, V., 1998, Direct isolation, phenotyping and cloning of low-frequency antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Current Biology, 26, 413–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FITZPATRICK, D. R., GERMAIN -LEE, E. and VALLE, D., 1995, Isolation and characterisation of rat and human cDNAs encoding a novel putative peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase. Genomics, 27, 457–466.
   Google Scholar
• Foss, D. L., BAARSCH, M. J. and MURTAUGH, M. P., 1998, Regulation of hypoxanthine phospho-ribosyltransferase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and beta-actin mRNA expression in porcine immune cells and tissues. Animal Biotechnology, 9, 67–78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FR, R. A., BENZ, C. C. and Liu, E., 1989, Detection of amplified oncogenes by differential polymerase chain reaction. Oncogene, 4, 1153–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GEISINGER, A., RODRIGUEZ, R., ROMERO, V. and WETTSTEIN R., 1997, A simple method for screening cDNAs arising from the cloning of RNA differential display bands. Elsevier Trends Journals Technical Tips Online, http :/ Ato.trends.com, document T01110.
   Google Scholar
• GRESS, T. M., HOHEISEL, J. D., LENNON, G. G., ZEHETNER, G. and LEHRAC H., 1992, Hybridisation fingerprinting of high density cDNA filter arrays with cDNA pools derived from whole tissues. Mammalian Genome, 3, 609–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRIFFIN, G. and KRISHNA, S., 1998, Cytokines in infectious diseases. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians, London, 32, 195–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GROENINX, M. and LEEGWATER, A. C. J., 1996, Isolation of delayed early genes associated with liver regeneration using Clontech PCR-select subtraction technique. Clontechniques,XI, 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• GUIMARAES, M. J., BAZAN, J. F., ZLOTNIK, A., WILES, M. V., GRIMALDI, J. C., LEE, F. and MCCLANAHAN, T., 1995b, A new approach to the study of haematopoietic development in the yolk sac and embryoid bodies. Development, 121,3335–3346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUIMERAES, M. J., LEE, F., ZLOTNIK, A. and MCCLANAHAN, T., 1995a, Differential display by PCR :novel findings and applications. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 1832–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GURSKAYA, N. G., DIATCHENKO, L., CHENCHIK, P. D., SIEBERT, P. D., KHASPEKOV, G. L., LUKYANOV K. A., VAGNER, L. L., ERMOLAEVA O. D., LUKYANOV, S. A. and SVERDLOV, E. D., 1996, Equalising cDNA subtraction based on selective suppression of polymerase chain reaction: Cloning of Jurkat cell transcripts induced by phytohemaglutinin and phorbol 12-Myrystate 13-Acetate. Analytical Biochemistry, 240, 90–97.
   Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, I. N. and HAMPSON, L., 1997, CCLS and DROP-subtractive cloning made easy. Life Science News (A publication of Amersham Life Science), 23, 22–24.
   Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, I. N., HAMPSON, L. and DEXTER, T. M., 1996, Directional random oligonucleotide primed (DROP) global amplification of cDNA: its application to subtractive cDNA cloning. Nucleic Acids Research. 24, 4832–4835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMPSON, I. N., POPE, L., COWLING, G. J. and DEXTER, T. M., 1992, Chemical cross linking subtraction (CCLS): a new method for the generation of subtractive hybridisation probes. Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 2899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARA, E., KATO, T., NAKADA, S., SEKrYA, S. and ODA, K., 1991, Subtractive cDNA cloning using oligo(dT)30-latex and PCR : isolation of cDNA clones specific to undifferentiated human embryonal carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Research, 19, 7097–7104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HATADA, I., HAYASHIZAKE, Y., HIROTSUNE, S., KOMATSUBARA, H. and MUKAI, T., 1991, A genomic scanning method for higher organisms using restriction sites as landmarks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (U S A), 88, 9523–9527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HECHT, N., 1998, Molecular mechanisms of male sperm cell differentiation. Bioessays, 20, 555-561. HEDRICK, S., COHEN, D. I., NIELSEN, E. A. and DAVIS, M. E., 1984, Isolation of T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins. Nature, 308, 149–153.
   Google Scholar
• HERTZ, R., SECKBACH M., ZAKIN, M. M. and BAR-TANA, J., 1996, Transcriptional suppression of the transferrin gene by hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 218–224.
   Google Scholar
• HEUVAL, J. P. V., CLARK, G. C., KOHN, M. C., TRITSCHER, A. M., GREENLEE, W. F., LUCIER, G. W. and BELL, D. A., 1994, Dioxin-responsive genes: Examination of dose-response relationships using quantitative reverse transciptase- polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Research, 54, 62–68.
   Google Scholar
• HILLIER, L. D., LENNON, G., BECKER, M., BONALDO, M. F., CHIAPELLI, B., CHISSOE, S., DIETRICH, N., DUBUQUE, T., FAVELLO, A., GISH, W., HAWKINS, M., HULTMAN, M., KUCABA, T., LACY, M., LE, M., LE, N., MARDIS, E., MOORE, B., MORRIS, M., PARSONS, J., PRANGE, C., RIFKIN, L., ROHLFING T., SCHELLENBERG, K., SOARES, M. B., TAN, F., THIERRY -MEG, J., TREVASKIS, E., UNDERWOOD, K., WOHLDMAN, P., WATERSTON, R., WILSON, R and MARRA, M., 1996, Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags. Genome Research, 6, 807–828.
   Google Scholar
• HUBANK, M. and SCHATZ, D. G., 1994, Identifying differences in mRNA expression by representational difference analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 22, 5640–5648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUNTER, T., 1991, Cooperation between oncogenes. Cell, 64, 249–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IVANOVA, N. B. and BELYAVSKY, A. V., 1995, Identification of differentially expressed genes by restriction endonuclease-based gene expression fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 2954–2958. JAMES, B. D. and HIGGINS, S. J, 1985, Nucleic Acid Hybridisation (Oxford: IRL Press Ltd).
   Google Scholar
• KAs-Dm EN, A. M., HARMSEN, M. C., DE MAR, E. F. and VAN SON, W. J, 1998, A sensitive method for quantifying cytomegalic endothelial cells in peripheral blood from cytomegalovirus-infected patients. Clinical Diagnostic and Laboratory Immunology, 5, 622–626.
   Google Scholar
• KILTY, I. and VICKERS, P., 1997, Fractionating DNA fragments generated by differential display PCR. Strategies Newsletter (Stratagene), 10, 50–51.
   Google Scholar
• KLEIMAN, D.-J. and VAN HEYNINGEN, V., 1998, Position effect in human genetic disease. Human and Molecular Genetics, 7, 1611–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, M. S., 1990, An 'equalized cDNA library' by the reassociation of short double-stranded cDNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 18, 5705–5711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAKE, B. G., EVANS, J. G., CUNNINGHAME, M. E. and PRICE, R. J., 1993, Comparison of the hepatic effects of Wy-14,643 on peroxisome proliferation and cell replication in the rat and Syrian hamster. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101, 241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAKE, B. G., EVANS, J. G., GRAY, T. J. B., KOROSI, S. A. and NORTH, C. J., 1989, Comparative studies of nafenopin-induced hepatic peroxisome proliferation in the rat, Syrian hamster, guiea pig and marmoset. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 99, 148–160.
   Google Scholar
• LENNARD, M. S., 1993, Genetically determined adverse drug reactions involving metabolism. Drug Safety, 9, 60–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVY, S., TODD, S. C. and MAECKER, H. T., 1998, CD81(TAPA-1): a molecule involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion in the immune system. Annual Review of Immunology, 16, 89-109. LIANG, P. and PARDEE, A. B., 1992, Differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science, 257, 967–971.
   Google Scholar
• LIANG, P., AVERBOUKH, L., KEYOMARSI, K., SAGER, R. and PARDEE, A., 1992, Differential display and cloning of messenger RNAs from human breast cancer versus mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Research, 52, 6966–6968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIANG, P., AVERBOUKH, L. and PARDEE, A. B., 1993, Distribution & cloning of eukaryotic mRNAs by means of differential display refinements and optimisation. Nucleic Acids Research, 21, 3269–3275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIANG, P., BAUER, D., AVERBOUKH, L., WARTHOE, P., ROHRWILD, M., MULLER, H., STRAUSS, M. and PARDEE, A. B., 1995, Analysis of altered gene expression by differential display. Methods in Enzymology, 254, 304–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINSKENS, M. H., FENG J., ANDREWS, W. H., ENLOW, B. E., SAATI, S. M., TONKIN, L. A., FUNK, W. D. and VILLEPONTEAU, B., 1995, Cataloging altered gene expression in young and senescent cells using enhanced differential display. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 3244–3251.
   Google Scholar
• LISITSYN, N., LISIITSYN, N. and WIGLER, M., 1993, Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science, 259, 946–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOHMANN, J., SCHICKLE, H. and BoscH, T. C. G., 1995, REN Display, a rapid and efficient method for non-radioactive differential display and mRNA isolation. Biotechniques, 18, 200–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUNNEY, J. K., 1998, Cytokines orchestrating the immune response. Reviews in Science and Techology, 17, 84–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAKOWSKA, J. M., GissoN, G. G. and BONER, F. W., 1992, Species differences in ciprofibrate-induction of hepaic cytochrome P4504A1 and peroxisome proliferation. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology, 7, 183–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MALDARELLI, F., XIANG, C., CHAMOUN, G. and ZEICHNER, S. L., 1998, The expression of the essential nuclear splicing factor 5C35 is altered by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Virus Research, 53, 39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATHIEU -DAUDE, F., CHENG, R., WELSH, J. and MCCLELLAND, M., 1996, Screening of differentially amplified cDNA products from RNA arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprints using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) gels. Nucleic Acids Research, 24, 1504–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCKENZIE, D. and DRAKE, D., 1997, Identification of differentially expressed gene products with the castaway system. Strategies Newsletter (Stratagene), 10,19–20.
   Google Scholar
• MCCLELLAND, M., MATHIEU -DAUDE, F. and WELSH, J., 1996, RNA fingerprinting and differential display using arbitrarily primed PCR. Trends in Genetics, 11, 242–246.
   Google Scholar
• MECHLER, B. and RABBITTS, T. H., 1981, Membrane-bound ribosomes of myeloma cells. IV. mRNA complexity of free and membrane-bound polysomes. Journal of Cell Biology, 88, 29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEYER, U. A. and ZANGER, U. M., 1997, Molecular mechanisms of genetic polymorphisms of drug metabolism. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 37, 269–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOHLER, K. M. and BUTLER, L. D., 1991, Quantitation of cytokine mRNA levels utilizing the reverse transcriptase -polymerase chain reaction following primary antigen-specific sensitization in vivo—I. Verification of linearity, reproducibility and specificity. Molecular Immunology, 28, 437–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURPHY, L. D., HERZOG, C. E., RUDICK, J. B., TITO FOJO, A. and BATES, S. E., 1990, Use of the polymerase chain reaction in the quantitation of the mdr-1 gene expression. Biochemistry, 29, 10351–10356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON, D. R., KOYMANS, L., KAMATAKI, T., STEGEMAN J. J., FEYEREISEN, R., WAXMAN, D. J., WATERMAN, M. R., GOTOH 0., COON, M. J., ESTABTROOK, R. W., GUNSALUS, I. C. and NEBERT D. W., 1996, Update on new sequences, gene mapping, accession numbers and nomenclature. Pharmacogenetks, 6, 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• NISHIO, Y., AIELLO, L. P. and KING, G. L., 1994, Glucose induced genes in bovine aortic smooth muscle cells identified by mRNA differential display. F ASEB Journal, 8, 103–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'NEILL, M. J. and SINCLAIR, A. H., 1997, Isolation of rare transcripts by representational difference analysis. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 2681–2682.
   Google Scholar
• ORTON, T. C., ADAM, H. K., BENTLEY, M., HOLLOWAY, B. and TUCKER, M. J., 1984, Clobuzarit: species differences in the morphological and biochemical response of the liver following chronic administration. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 73, 13 8–151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PELKONEN, 0., MAENPAA J., TAAVITSAINEN, P., RAuTio, A. and RAUNIO, H., 1998, Inhibition and Induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Xenobiotica, 28, 1203–1253.
   Google Scholar
• PHILIPS, S. M., BENDALL, A. J. and RAMSHAW I. A., 1990, Isolation of genes associated with high metastatic potential in rat mammary adenocarcinomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 82, 199–203.
   Google Scholar
• PRASHAR, Y. and WEISSMAN, S. M., 1996, Analysis of differential gene expression by display of 3'end restriction fragments of cDNAs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93, 659–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RAGNO, S., ESTRADA, I., BUTLER, R. and COLSTON, M. J., 1997, Regulation of macrophage gene expression following invasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunology Letters, 57, 143-146. RAMANA, K. V. and KOHLI, K. K., 1998, Gene regulation of cytochrome P450—an overview. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 36, 437–446.
   Google Scholar
• RICHARD, L., VELASCO, P. and DETMAR, M., 1998, A simple immunomagnetic protocol for the selective isolation and long-term culture of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Experimental Cell Research, 240, 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROCKETT, J. C., ESDAILE, D. J. and GIBSON, G. G., 1997, Molecular profiling of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis using differential display reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (ddRT-PCR). European Journal of Drug. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 22, 329–333.
   Google Scholar
• RODRICKS, J. V. and TURNBULL, D., 1987, Inter-species differences in peroxisomes and peroxisome proliferation. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 3, 197–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROGLER, G., HAUSMANN, M., VOGL, D., ASCHENBRENNER, E., ANDUS, T., FALK, W., ANDREESEN, R., SCHOLMERICH, J. and GROSS, V., 1998, Isolation and phenotypic characterization of colonic macrophages. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 112, 205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROHN, W. M., LEE, Y. J. and BENWNISTE, E. N., 1996, Regulation of class II MHC expression. Critical Reviews in Immunology, 16, 311–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RUDIN, C. M. and THOMPSON, C. B., 1998, B-cell development and maturation. Seminars in Oncology, 25, 435–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAKAGUCHI, N., BERGER, C. N. and MELCHERS, F., 1986, Isolation of a cDNA copy of an RNA species expressed in murine pre-B cells. EMBO Journal, 5, 2139–2147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMBROOK, J., FRITSCH, E. F. and MANIATIS, T., 1989, Gel electrophoresis of DNA. In N. Ford, M. Nolan and M. Fergusen (eds), Molecular Cloning—A laboratory manual, 2nd edition (New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press), Volume 1, pp. 6–37.
   Google Scholar
• SARGENT, T. D. and DAWID, I. B., 1983, Differential gene expression in the gastrula of Xenopus laevis. Science, 222, 135–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHEMA, M., SHALON, D., HELLER, R., CHAI, A., BROWN., P. 0. and DAVIS, R. W., 1996, Parallel human genome analysis: Microarray-based expression monitoring of 1000 genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 93, 10614–10619.
   Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER, C., KING, R. M. and PHILIPSON, L., 1988, Genes specifically expressed at growth arrest of mammalian cells. Cell, 54, 787–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHNEIDER -MAUNOURY, S., GILARDI -HEBENSTREIT, P. and CHARNAY, P., 1998, How to build a vertebrate hindbrain. Lessons from genetics. C R Academy of Science HI, 321, 819–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEMENZA, G. L., 1994, Transcriptional regulation of gene expression: mechanisms and pathophysiology. Human Mutations, 3, 180–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEWALL, C. H., BELL, D. A., CLARK, G. C., TRITSCHER, A. M., TULLY, D. B., VANDEN HEUVEL, J. and LUCIER, G. W., 1995, Induced gene transcription: implications for biomarkers. Clinical Chemistry, 41, 1829–1834.
   Google Scholar
• SINGH, N., AGRAWAL, S. and RASTOGI, A. K., 1997, Infectious diseases and immunity: special reference to major histocompatibility complex. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3, 41–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH, N. R., LI, A., ALDERSLEY, M., HIGH, A. S., MARKHAM, A. F. and ROBINSON, P. A., 1997, Rapid determination of the complexity of cDNA bands extracted from DDRT-PCR polyacrylamide gels. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 3552–3554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOMPAYRAC, L., JANE, S., BURN., T. C., TENEN, D. G. and DANNA, K. J., 1995, Overcoming limitations of the mRNA differential display technique. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4738–4739.
   Google Scholar
• ST JOHN, T. P. and DAVIS, R. W., 1979, Isolation of galactose-inducible DNA sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by differential plaque filter hybridisation. Cell, 16, 443–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUN, Y., HEGAMYER, G. and COLBURN, N. H., 1994, Molecular cloning of five messenger RNAs differentially expressed in preneoplastic or neoplastic JB6 mouse epidermal cells: one is homologous to human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3. Cancer Research, 54, 1139–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUNG, Y. J. and DENMAN, R. B., 1997, Use of two reverse transcriptases eliminates false-positive results in differential display. Biotechniques, 23, 462–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SUTTON, G., WHITE, 0., ADAMS, M. and KERLAVAGE, A., 1995, TIGR Assembler; A new tool for assembling large shotgun sequencing projects. Genome Science and Technology, 1, 9–19.
   Google Scholar
• Suzum, Y., SEKIYA, T. and HAYASHI, K., 1991, Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction: a method for amplification and sequence determination of a single component among a mixture of sequence variants. Analytical Biochemistry, 192, 82–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SD, V., Gu, W. and HECHT, N. B., 1997, Sertoli cells in culture and mRNA differential display provide a sensitive early warning assay system to detect changes induced by xenobiotics. Journal of Andrology, 18, 264–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UITTERLINDEN, A. G., SLAGBOOM, P., KNOOK, D. L. and VIIGL, J., 1989, Two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting of human individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 86, 2742–2746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ULLMAN, K. S., NORTHROP, J. P., VERWEIJ, C. L. and CRABTREE, G. R., 1990, Transmission of signals from the T lymphocyte antigen receptor to the genes responsible for cell proliferation and immune function: the missing link. Annual Review of Immunology, 8, 421–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VASMATZIS, G., ESSAND, M., BRINKMANN, U., LEE, B. and PASTON, I., 1998, Discovery of three genes specifically expressed in human prostate by expressed sequence tag database analysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 95, 300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VELCULESCU V. E., ZHANG, L., VOGELSTEIN, B. and KINZLER, K. W., 1995, Serial analysis of gene expression. Science, 270, 484–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOELTZ, G. K. and STEITZ, J. A., 1998, AuuuA sequences direct mRNA deadenylation uncoupled from decay during Xenopus early development. Molecular and Cell Biology, 18, 7537–7545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VOGELSTEIN, B. and KINZLER, K. W., 1993, The multistep nature of cancer. Trends in Genetics, 9, 138–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WALTER, J., BELF1ELD, M., HAMPSON, I. and READ, C., 1997, A novel approach for generating subtractive probes for differential screening by CCLS. Life Science News, 21, 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• WAN, J. S., SHARP, S. J., POIR1ER, G. M.-C., WAGAMAN, P. C., CHAMBERS, J., PYATI, J., Hom, Y.-L., GALINDO, J. E., HUVAR, A., PETERSON, P. A., JACKSON, M. R. and ERLANDER, M. G., 1996, Cloning differentially expressed mRNAs. Nature Biotechnology, 14, 1685–1691.
   Google Scholar
• WALTER, J., BELF1ELD, M., HAIVLPSON, I. and READ, C., 1997, A novel approach for generating subtractive probes for differential screening by CCLS, Life Science News, 21, 13–14.
   Google Scholar
• WANG, Z. and BROWN, D. D. 1991, A gene expression screen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 88, 11505–11509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAWER, C., RUGGEBERG, H., MEYER, G. and M1JYZER, G., 1995, A simple and rapid electrophoresis method to detect sequence variation in PCR-amplified DNA fragments. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4928–4929.
   Google Scholar
• WELSH, J., CHADA, K., DALAL, S. S., CHENG, R., RALPH, D. and MCCLELLAND, M., 1992, Arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 20, 4965–4970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG, H., ANDERSON, W. D., CHENG, T. and RIABOWOL, K. T., 1994, Monitoring mRNA expression by polymerase chain reaction: the 'primer-dropping' method. Analytical Biochemistry, 223, 251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WONG, K. K. and MCCLELLAND, M., 1994, Stress-inducible gene of Salmonella typhimurium identified by arbitrarily primed PCR of RNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 91, 639–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WYNFORD -THOMAS, D., 1991, Oncogenes and anti-oncogenes ; the molecular basis of tumour behaviour. Journal of Pathology, 165, 187–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• XHU, D., CHAN, W. L., LEUNG, B. P., HUANG, F. P., WHEELER, R., PlEDRAFITA, D., ROBINSON, J. H. and LlEW, F. Y., 1998, Selective expression of a stable cell surface molecule on type 2 but not type 1 helper T cells. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 187, 787–794 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YANG, M. and SYTOWSKI, A. J., 1996, Cloning differentially expressed genes by linker capture subtraction. Analytical Biochemistry, 237, 109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO, N., HASHIDA, H., TAKAHASHI, N., Misumi, Y. and SAKAKI, Y., 1995, High-density cDNA filter analysis : a novel approach for large scale quantitative analysis of gene expression. Gene, 156, 207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHAO, X. J., NEWSOME, J. T. and CIHLAR, R. L., 1998, Up-regulation of two candida albicans genes in the rat model of oral candidiasis detected by differential display. Microbial Pathogenesis, 25, 121–129. ZIMMERMANN, C. R., ORR, W. C., LECLERC, R. F., BARNARD, C. and TIMBERLAKE, W. E., 1980, Molecular cloning and selection of genes regulated in Aspergillus development. Cell, 21, 709–715.
   Google Scholar