23
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecture

Accommodation and Accommodative Esotropia: Where Mysteries Abound

, C.O.
Pages 60-71 | Published online: 05 Apr 2018

References

  • Raab EL: Accommodative esotropia: Some dilemmas. Am Orthopt J 1987; 37:50–55.
  • Dickey CF, Scott WE: The deterioration of accommodative esotropia: Frequency, characteristics, and predictive factors. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988; 25:172–175.
  • Fincham EF: The proportion of ciliary muscular force required for accommodation. J Physiol 1955; 128:99–112.
  • Ogle KN, Martens TG: On the accommodative convergence and the proximal convergence. Arch Ophthalmol 1957; 57:702–715.
  • Alpern M, Kincaid WM, Lubeck MJ: Vergence and accommodation: III. Proposed definitions of the AC/A ratios. Am J Ophthalmol 1959; 48:141–148.
  • Ripps H, Chin NB, Siegel IM, Breinin GM: The effect of pupil size on accommodation, convergence, and the AC/A ratio. Invest Ophthalmol 1962; 1:127–135.
  • Breinin GM, Chin NB, Ripps H: A rationale for therapy of accommodative strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol 1966; 61:1030–1037.
  • Chin NB, Breinin GM: Ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. Arch Ophthalmol 1967; 77:752–756.
  • von Noorden GK, Morris J, Edelman P: Efficacy of bifocals in the treatment of accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1978; 85:830–834.
  • von Noorden GK. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996, pp. 304–323.
  • Costenbader FD: Clinical course and management of esotropia. in Allen JH (ed): Strabismus Ophthalmic Symposium II., St. Louis, CV Mosby. 1958; pp. 325–353.
  • Swan KC: Accommodative esotropia long range followup. Ophthalmology 1983; 90:1141–1145.
  • Burian HM: Accommodative esotropia. Essence, diagnosis, and treatment. Brit Orthopt J 1960; 17:12–20.
  • Raab EL: Etiologic factors in accommodative esodeviation. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1982; 80:657–694.
  • Raab EL, Spierer A: Persisting accommodative esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104:1777–1779.
  • Baker JD, Parks MM: Early-onset accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1980; 90:11–18.
  • Parks MM: Abnormal accommodative convergence in squint. Arch Ophthalmol 1958; 59:364–380.
  • von Noorden GK, Avilla CW: Accommodative convergence in hypermetropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1990; 110:287–292.
  • Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G: The management of esotropia with high AC/A ratio (convergence excess). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1985; 22:238–242.
  • Helveston EM: Accommodative esotropia. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. New York, Raven Press. 1986, pp. 111–118.
  • von Noorden GK: Burian and von Noorden's Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. St. Louis, CV Mosby Co. 1974, pp 292.
  • Wilson ME, Bluestein EC, Parks MM: Binocularity in accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993; 30:233–236.
  • Repka MX, Wellish K, Wisnicki HJ, Guyton DL: Changes in the refractive error of 94 spectacle-treated patients with acquired accommodative esotropia. Binoc Vis 1989; 4:15–21.
  • Putteman A, Gobin CV, Deconinck H: The combined use of videorefraction and photoscreening in the assessment of ametropia and the results of surgery for accommodative esotropia. Binoc Vis 1996; 11:29–39.
  • von Noorden GK, Avilla CW: Refractive accommodative esotropia: A surgical problem? International Ophthalmology. Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992, pg 45–48.
  • Jampolsky A, von Noorden GK, Spiritus M: Symposium report. Unnecessary surgery in fully refractive accommodative esotropia. International Ophthalmology. Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers 1992, pp. 129–131.
  • Fells P, Berard PV, Gobin M, Jampolsky A, Molteno ACB, von Noorden GK, et al: Symposium on the management of fully accommodative esotropia. In: Campos C, (ed.) Strabismus and Ocular Motility Disorders, Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the International Strabismological Assoc (ISA); 1990 Surfer's Paradise. (Australia). London: McMillan Press, 1991: 269–305.
  • Ludwig IH, Parks MM, Getson PR, Kammer-man LA: Rate of deterioration in accommodative esotropia correlated to the AC/A relationship. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988; 25:8–12.
  • Raab EL: Accommodative esotropia: A reassessment. Am Orthopt J 1985; 35:6–12.
  • Ludwig IH, Parks MM, Getson PR: Long-term results of bifocal therapy for accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1989; 26:264–270.
  • Raab EL: Hypermetropia in accommodative esodeviation. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1984; 21:194–197.
  • Owens DA, Wolf-Kelly K: Near work, visual fatigue, and variations of oculomotor tonus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28:743–749.
  • Cassin B, Beecham B, Friedberg K: Stereoacuity, fusional amplitudes, and AC/A ratio in accommodative esotropia. Am Orthopt J 1976; 26:60–64.
  • von Noorden GK: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, Inc. 1996, pp. 89.
  • Breinin GM: Relationship between accommodation and convergence. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol 1961; 61:375–382.
  • Lucas E, Bentley CR, Aclimandos WA: The effect of surgery on the AC/A ratio. Eye 1994; 8:109–114.
  • Bateman JB, Parks MM: Clinical and computer-assisted analyses of preoperative and postoperative accommodative convergence and accommodation relationships. Ophthalmology 1981; 88:1024–1030.
  • Schachar RA: Pathophysiology of accommodation and presbyopia. Understanding the clinical implications. J Florida M.A. 1994; 81:268–271.
  • Schachar RA: Cause and treatment of presbyopia with a method for increasing the amplitude of accommodation. Annals Ophthalmol 1992; 24:445–452.
  • Koretz JF, Kaufman PL, Neider MW, Goeckner PA: Accommodation and presbyopia in the human eye-aging of the anterior segment. Vis Res 1989; 29:1685–1692.
  • Cook CA, Koretz JF, Pfahnl A, Hyun J, Kaufman PL: Aging of the human crystalline lens and anterior segment. Vis Res 1994; 34:2945–2954.
  • Schachar RA, Black TD, Kash RL, Cudmore DP, Schanzlin DJ: The mechanism of accommodation and presbyopia in the primate. Ann Ophthalmol 1995; 27:58–67.
  • Wick B, Currie D: Convergence accommodation: Laboratory and clinical evaluation. J Optom Vis Sci 1991; 68:226–231.
  • Rutstein RP, Fuhr PD, Swiatocha J: Comparing the amplitude of accommodation determined objectively and subjectively. J Optom Vis Sci 1993; 70:496–500.
  • Chrousos GA, O'Neill JF, Lueth BD, Parks MM: Accommodation deficiency in healthy young individuals. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1988; 25:176–179, 327.
  • Miwa T, Tokoro T: Dark focus of accommodation in children with accommodative esotropia and hyperopic anisometropia. ACTA Ophthalmol 1992; 71:819–824.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.