Pots, Farming and Analogy: Early Ceramics in the Equatorial Rainforest

References

• Alexander , J. 1970 . “ The Domestication of yams: a multi-disciplinary approach ” . In Science in archaeology: A survey of progress and research , 2nd ed Edited by: Brothwell , D. and Higgs , E. 229 – 34 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Bahuchet , S. 1985 . “ Les pygmées Aka et la forêt centrafricaine: Ethnologie écologique ” . In Ethnosciences Vol. 1 , Paris : SELAF .
   Google Scholar
• Bahuchet , S. 1988 . “ Food supply uncertainty among the Aka pygmies (Lobaye, Central African Republic) ” . In Coping with uncertainty in food supply Edited by: de Garine , I. and Harrison , G. A. 118 – 49 . Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Bahuchet , S. and Guillaume , H. 1979 . “ Relations entre chasseurs-collecteurs pygmées et agriculteurs de la forêt du nord-ouest du Bassin congolais ” . In Pygmées de Centrafrique: Etudes ethnologiques, historiques et linguistiques sur les pygmées ‘Ba.Mbenga’ (aka/baka) du nord-ouest du Bassin congolais Edited by: Bahuchet , S. 109 – 139 . Paris : Peeters .
   Google Scholar
• Bahuchet , S. , McKey , D. and de Garine , I. 1991 . Wild yams revisited: Is independence from agriculture possible for rainforest hunter-gatherers? . Human Ecology , 19 : 213 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. 1990 . Exciting opportunities in tropical rainforests: A reply to Townsend . American Anthropologist , 92 : 747 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. and Headland , T. N. 1991 . The tropical rain forest: Is it a productive environment for human foragers? . Human Ecology , 19 : 261 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. and Peacock , N. R. 1988 . “ Efe pygmies of northeast Zaire: subsistence strategies in the Ituri forest ” . In Coping with uncertainty in food supply Edited by: de Garine , I. and Harrison , G. A. 88 – 117 . Oxford : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. 1989 . Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest: Is it possible? . American Anthropologist , 91 : 59 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , R. C. 1991 . Reply to Colinvaux and Bush . American Anthropologist , 93 : 160 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bontinck , F. 1972 . Histoire du Royaume du Congo (c. 1624): traduction annotée du Ms. 8080 de la Bibliothèque nationale de Lisbonne , Etudes d'Histoire Africaine 4 Louvain : Nauwelaerts . en collaboration avec J. Castro Segovia
   Google Scholar
• Chikwendu , V. E. and Okezie , C. E.A. 1989 . “ Factors responsible for the ennoblement of African yams: Inferences from experiments in yam domestication ” . In Foraging and farming: the evolution of plant exploitation , One World Archaeology, 13 Edited by: Harris , D. R. and Hillman , G. C. 344 – 57 . London : Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Colinvaux , P. A. and Bush , M. B. 1991 . The rain-forest ecosystem as a resource for hunting and gathering . American Anthropologist , 93 : 153 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1980 . Der Keramikfund von Bondongo-Losombo (Région de l'Equateur, Zaire) und die Archäologie des äquatorialen Regenwaldes . Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie , 2 : 381 – 427 .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1981 . Historical linguistics and prehistoric archaeology: Trend and pattern in Early Iron Age research of sub-Saharan Africa . Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie , 3 : 277 – 324 .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1983 . Remarks on exploring archaeologically unknown rainforest territory: The case of Central Africa . Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie , 5 : 283 – 322 .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1984 . Imbonga und Lingonda: Zur frühesten Besiedlung des zentralafrikanischen Regenwaldes . Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie , 6 : 247 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1987 . Imbonga and Batalimo: Ceramic evidence for early settlement of the equatorial rainforest . African Archaeological Review , 5 : 129 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1992 . The Central African rainforest: Historical speculation and archaeological facts . World Archaeology , 24 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. 1993 . “ Central Africa and the archaeology of the equatorial rainforest: Reflections on some major topics ” . In The Archaeology of Africa Edited by: Shaw , T. 289 – 329 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , M. K.H. and Kanimba-Misago . 1980 . Aspects d'un métier traditionnel: L'industrie de poterie à Ikenge (Région de l'Equateur, Zaire) . Baessler-Archiv , 8 : 387 – 430 . (n.s)
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , R. K. 1987 . Das Wirtschaftssystem der Mongo (Äquatorregion, Zaire) am Vorabend der Kolonisation: Eine Rekonstruktion , Mainzer Afrika-Studien 7 Berlin : Reimer .
   Google Scholar
• Eggert , R. K. 1994 . “ Kontinuität und Wandelbei der Ressourcennutzung im äquatorialen Regenwald des Zaire ” . In Der zentralafrikanische Regenwald: ökologie, Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft , Afrikanische Studien 3 Edited by: Bollig , M. and Büinnagel , D. 109 – 118 . Münster—Hamburg : Lit. .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , J. A. 1978 . From subsistence to market: A case study of the Mbuti net hunters . Human Ecology , 6 : 325 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , T. B. and Hart , J. A. 1986 . The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African rainforests: The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire . Human Ecology , 14 : 29 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartley , C. W.S. 1970 . The oil palm (Elaeïis guineensis Jacq, , 2nd ed , Tropical Agriculture Series London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Headland , T. N. and Bailey , R. C. 1991 . Introduction: Have hunter-gatherers ever lived in tropical rainforest independently of agriculture? . Human Ecology , 19 : 115 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , H. E. and Evans , J. 1989 . “ Crops of the Pacific: New evidence from the chemical analysis of organic residues in pottery ” . In Foraging and farming: The evolution of plant exploitation Edited by: Harris , D. R. and Hillman , G. C. 418 – 25 . London : Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Hulstaert , G. 1977 . Anciennes relations commerciales de l'Equateur . Enquêtes et Documents d'Histoire Africaine , 2 : 31 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Hulstaert , G. 1979 . L'évolution de la production alimentaire des Nkundo (XIXe-XXe siècles): Un bilan partisan . African Economic History , 7 : 171 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Maret , P. 1982 . New Survey of archaeological research and dates for West-Central Africa and North-Central Africa . Journal of African History , 23 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , R. 1966 . The problem of the Bantu expansion . Journal of African History , 7 : 361 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler , M. 1992 . “ Pygmäenforschung und kein Ende? Kritische Betrachtungen zum Verhältnis von Bauern und Bambuti im Ituri-Gebiet von Haut-Zaire ” . In Forschungen in Zaire in memoriam Erika Sulzmann , Mainzer Beiträge zur Afrika-Forschung 1 Edited by: Müller , E. W. and Brandstetter , A.-M. 415 – 54 . Müinster-Hamburg : Lit. .
   Google Scholar
• Seitz S. 1970 Die Töpfer-Batwa in Ruanda. PhD thesis, University of Freiburg.
   Google Scholar
• Seitz , S. 1977 . Die zentralafrikanischen Wildbeuterkulturen Wiesbaden : Franz Steiner .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , T. 1976 . “ Early crops in Africa: A review of the evidence ” . In Origins of African plant domestication Edited by: Harlan , J. R. 107 – 53 . Paris : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Townsend , P. K. 1990 . On the possibility/impossibility of tropical forest hunting and gathering . American Anthropologist , 92 : 745 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansina , J. 1979 . Finding food and the history of precolonial Equatorial Africa: A plea . African Economic History , 7 : 9 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkie , D. S. and Curran , B. 1993 . Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rainforest of northeastern Zaire . Human Ecology , 21 : 389 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotzka , H.-P. Studien zur Archäologie des zentralafrikanischen Regenwaldes: Die Keramik des inneren Zaire-Beckens und ihre Stellung im Kontext der Bantu-Expansion , Africa Praehistorica 6 Köln : Heinrich-Barth-Institut . in press
   Google Scholar