The ancient iron mines of Meroe

References

• Arkell, A.J. 1961. A History of the Sudan: From the Earliest Times to 1821. London: The Athlone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, L. and Whiteman, A.J. 1968. “The Nile in the Sudan.” Geographical Journal 134: 1–37. doi: 10.2307/1792135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchi, R.S. 2004. Daily Life of the Nubians. Westport: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bussert, R. and Eisawi, A.A.M. 2015. “Late Cretaceous tropical coastal wetlands at the southern shoreline of the Tethys in central Sudan.” In GeoBerlin2015: Dynamic Earth from Alfred Wegener to Today and Beyond; Abstracts, Annual Meeting of DGGV and DMG (Berlin 2015), edited by J. Wagner and K. Elger, 109. Potsdam: GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1314059/component/escidoc:1314718/Geoberlin_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bussert, R., Humphris, J., and Schomacker, R. in press. “Entstehung und archäologische Bedeutung oolithischer Eisenerze im Sudan. Formation and archaeological significance of oolitic ironstones in Sudan.” Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie
   Google Scholar
• Carey, C., Stremke, F. and Humphris, J. in press. “Investigating the ironworking remains in the Royal City of Meroe, Sudan.” Antiquity.
   Google Scholar
• Cech, B., Rehren, Th. and Mohamed, A.A (eds) 2018. The Quarries of Meroe, Sudan. Doha: Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, M.F. and Humphris J. 2017a. “Exploring ironmaking practices at Meroe, Sudan — a comparative analysis of archaeological and experimental data.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-017-0578-2
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, M.F. and Humphris, J. 2017b. “Exploring ironmaking practice at Meroe, Sudan — images, data, and analytical scripts. doi:10.7910/DVN/HQZOOB, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:ThTH3cFkfE + V3mubXJBeVQ== Site accessed 23 May 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, M.F. and Humphris, J. 2017c. “HH-XRF analyses of geological, archaeological, and experimental materials at Meroe, Sudan.” doi:10.7910/DVN/4DZBQ0, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:oOtbIfcadRTQdsBjidabYw== Site accessed 23 May 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Chirikure, S. 2015. Metals in Past Societies. A Global Perspective on Indigenous African Metallurgy. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Craddock, P.T. 1995. Early Mining and Metal Production. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Double, G. and Humphris, J. 2015. “Ancient Iron, Experimental Archaeology in Sudan.” Film available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPU8Uwa-jBQ (in English) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBCrKLx0R0I (in Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, D.N. 2004. The Nubian Past. An Archaeology of the Sudan. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Eisawi, A.A.M. Elbashir, O.M, Babikir, I.A.A. and Ali, O.E. 2012. “Palynology and sedimentology of the Campanian-Maastrichtian Shendi Formation, central Sudan: paleoecological and paleoclimatical pmplications.” SAPEG Fifth Conference, Abstract Volume, 83–84.
   Google Scholar
• Garstang, J. 1910. “Preliminary note on an expedition to Meroe in Ethiopia.” Liverpool University Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 3: 57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Garstang, J. 1911. Meroe: City of the Ethiopians. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Germann, K. Fischer, K. and Schwarz, T. 1990. “Accumulation of lateritic weathering products (kaolins, bauxite, laterites, ironstones) in sedimentary basins of northern Sudan.” Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A120.1: 109–148.
   Google Scholar
• Haaland, R. 2013. “Meroitic iron working in a global Indian Ocean context.” In The World of Iron, edited by J. Humphris and T. Rehren, 146–155. London: Archetype.
   Google Scholar
• Haaland, R. 2014. “The Meroitic empire: trade and cultural influences in an Indian Ocean context.” African Archaeological Review 31: 649–673. doi: 10.1007/s10437-014-9169-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haaland, R. and Haaland, G. 2007. “God of war, worldly ruler, and craft specialists in the Meroitic kingdom of Sudan: inferring social identity from material remains.” Journal of Social Archaeology 7: 373–392. doi: 10.1177/1469605307081397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, E.W. 1998. “Mining as microcosm in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, an overview.” In Social Approaches to an Industrial Past. The Archaeology and Anthropology of Mining, edited by B. Knapp, V.C. Pigott and E.W. Herbert, 138–154. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Herodotus. The Histories. Penguin: Harmondsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Humphris, J. 2014. “Post-Meroitic iron production: initial results and interpretations.” Sudan & Nubia 18: 121–129.
   Google Scholar
• Humphris, J. in press. “Kushite iron production at the Royal City of Meroe.” In The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia, edited by G. Emberling and B. Williams. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Humphris, J. and Rehren, T. 2014. “Iron production and the Kingdom of Kush.” In Ein Forscherleben zwischen den Welten, edited by A. Lohwasser and P. Wolf, 177–190. Berlin: Sonderheft MittSAG.
   Google Scholar
• Humphris, J. Charlton, M.F., Keen, J., Sauder, L. and Alshishani, F. 2018. “Iron smelting in Sudan: experimental archaeology at the Royal City of Meroe.” Journal of Field Archaeology 43: 399–416. doi: 10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphris, J. and Scheibner, T. 2017. “A new chronology for iron production at Meroe.” African Archaeological Review 34: 377–413. doi: 10.1007/s10437-017-9267-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petranek, J. and Van Houten, F.B. 1997. “Phanerozoic ooidal ironstones.” Czech Geological Survey, Special Paper 7: 1-71.
   Google Scholar
• Pope, J. 2014. The Double Kingdom under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690–664 BC. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Rehren, T. 2001. “Meroe, iron and Africa.” Mitteilungen der Sudanarchäologischen Gesellschaft 12: 102–109.
   Google Scholar
• Reisner, G.A. 1923. “The Meroitic kingdom of Ethiopia. A chronological outline.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 9: 34–77. doi: 10.1177/030751332300900104
   Google Scholar
• Sayce, A.H. 1912. “Second interim report on the excavations at Meroë in Ethiopia, Part II – The historical results.” Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 4: 55–65.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, T. 1992. “Produkte und Prozesse exogener Fe-Akkumulation: Eisenoolithe und lateritische Eisenkrusten im Sudan.” Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen A142: 1–186.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, T. and Germann, K. 1999. “Weathering surfaces, laterite-derived sediments and associated mineral deposits in north-east Africa.” In Thiry, M. and Simon-Coinçon R., eds. Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related Continental Deposits, edited by M. Thiry and R. Simon-Coinçon, 367–390. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Shinnie, P.L and Bradley, R.J. 1980. The Capital of Kush 1. Meroe Excavations 1965–1972. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Shinnie, P.L. and Anderson, J.R. 2004. The Capital of Kush 2. Meroe Excavations 1973–1984. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Shinnie, P.L. and Kense F.J. 1982. “Meroitic iron working.” Meroitica 6: 17–28.
   Google Scholar
• Török, L. 1997. The Kingdom of Kush. Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Trigger, B.G. 1969. “The myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age.” African Historical Studies 2: 23–50. doi: 10.2307/216325
   Google Scholar
• Tylecote, R.F. 1970. “Iron working at Meroe, Sudan.” Bulletin of the Historical Metallurgy Group 4: 23–50.
   Google Scholar
• Wainwright, G.A. 1945. “Iron in the Napatan and Meroitic Ages.” Sudan Notes and Records 26: 5–36.
   Google Scholar
• Whiteman, A.J. 1971. The Geology of the Sudan Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, S. Hof, C. and Onasch H-U. 2009. “Investigations in the so-called Royal Baths at Meroe in 2000, 2004 and 2005. A preliminary report.” Kush 19: 101–116.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, P. 2015. “The Qatar-Sudan Archaeological Project – The Meroitic town of Hamadab and the palaeo-environment of the Meroe region.” Sudan & Nubia 19: 115–131.
   Google Scholar
• Young, T.P. 1989. “Phanerozoic ironstone: an introduction and review.” In Young, T.P. and Taylor, W.G.E. eds. Phanerozoic Ironstones, edited by T.P. Young and W.G.E. Taylor, 9–25. London: The Geological Society.
   Google Scholar