Temporal perspectives on Still Bay point production at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, in the context of southern Africa

References

• Archer, W., Gunz, P., van Niekerk, K.L., Henshilwood, C.S. and McPherron, S.P. 2015. “Diachronic change within the Still Bay at Blombos Cave, South Africa.” PLoS One 10(7): e0132428. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, W., Pop, C.M., Gunz, P. and McPherron, S.P. 2016. “What is Still Bay? Human biogeography and bifacial point variability.” Journal of Human Evolution 97: 58–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, G.D. and Will, M. 2017. “Recent research on the MSA in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 26: 53–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bruch, A.A, Sievers, C. and Wadley, L. 2012. “Quantification of climate and vegetation from southern African Middle Stone Age sites: an application using Late Pleistocene plant material from Sibudu, South Africa.” Quaternary Science Reviews 45: 7–17. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, B.M. 2010. “South African palaeoenvironments during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 4: a context for the Howieson’s Poort and Still Bay Industries.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1359–1366. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.12.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J.D. 1988. “The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the beginnings of regional identity.” Journal of World Prehistory 2: 235–305. doi: 10.1007/BF00975618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, D.L. 1968. Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Conard, N.J., Porraz, G. and Wadley, L. 2012. “What is in a name? Characterising the ‘post-Howieson’s Poort’ at Sibudu.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 67: 180–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conard, N.J. and Will, M. 2015. “Examining the causes and consequences of short-term behavioral change during the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa.” PLoS One 10(6): e0130001. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, D.E. 1973. “Experiments in replicating Hohokam Points.” TEBIWA. The Journal of the Idaho State University Museum 16: 10–45.
   Google Scholar
• Deacon, J. 1980. “Comments on Parkington, Time and place: some observations on spatial and temporal patterning in the Later Stone Age sequence in South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 35: 89–93.
   Google Scholar
• d’Errico, F., Backwell, L. and Wadley, L. 2012. “Identifying regional variability in Middle Stone Age bone technology: the case of Sibudu Cave.” Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 2479–2495. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M. and Wadley, L. 2008. “Possible shell beads from the Middle Stone Age of Sibudu Cave.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2675–2685. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Peña, P. 2015. “Refining our understanding of Howiesons Poort lithic technology: the evidence from Grey Rocky Layer in Sibudu Cave (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).” PLoS One 10(12): e0143451. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Peña, P. and Wadley, L. 2014. “Quartz knapping strategies in the Howiesons Poort at Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).” PLoS One 9(7): e101534.
   Google Scholar
• de la Peña, P. and Wadley, L. 2017. “Technological variability at Sibudu Cave: the end of Howiesons Poort and reduced mobility strategies after 62,000 years ago.” PLoS One 12(10): e0185845. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Peña, P., Wadley, L. and Lombard, M. 2013. “Quartz bifacial points in the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 68: 119–136.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, U. 1994. “Hollow Rock Shelter, a Middle Stone Age site in the Cederberg.” Southern African Field Archaeology 3: 63–73.
   Google Scholar
• Gärdenfors, P. and Högberg, A. 2017. “The archaeology of teaching and the evolution of Homo docens”. Current Anthropology 58: 188–208. doi: 10.1086/691178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, A.J.H. and van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. “The Stone Age cultures of South Africa.” Annals of the South African Museum 27: 1–289.
   Google Scholar
• Henshilwood, C.S. 2012. “Late Pleistocene techno-traditions in Southern Africa: a review of the Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, c. 75-59 ka.” Journal of World Prehistory 25: 205–237. doi: 10.1007/s10963-012-9060-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillestad Nel, T. and Henshilwood, C.S. 2016. The small mammal sequence from the c. 76–72 ka Still Bay levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa: taphonomic and palaeoecological implications for human behaviour. PLoS One 11(8): e0159817. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg, A. and Larsson, L. 2011. “Lithic technology and behavioural modernity: new results from the Still Bay site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 61: 133–155. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg, A. and Lombard, M. 2016a. “Indications of pressure flaking more than 70 thousand years ago at Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 71: 53–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Högberg, A. and Lombard, M. 2016b. “Still Bay point-production strategies at Hollow Rock Shelter and Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter and knowledge-transfer systems in Southern Africa at about 80-70 thousand years ago.” PloS One 11(12): e0168012. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Z., Hayes, E.H., Roberts, R.G., Galbraith, R.F. and Henshilwood, C.S. 2013. An improved OSL chronology for the Still Bay layers at Blombos Cave, South Africa: further tests of single-grain dating procedures and a re-evaluation of the timing of the Still Bay industry across southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 579–594. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.06.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Z., Roberts, R.G., Galbraith, R.F., Deacon, H.J., Grün, R., Mackay, A., Mitchell, P.J., Vogelsang, R. and Wadley, L. 2008a. “Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: implications for human behavior and dispersal.” Science 322: 733–735. doi: 10.1126/science.1162219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A.G., Duller, G.A.T., Roberts, R.G. and Wadley, L. 2008b. “New ages for the post-Howiesons Poort, late and final Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1790–1807. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel, A.W., Bolus, M., Bretzke, K., Bruch, A.A., Haidle, M.N., Hertler, C. and Märker, M. 2016. “Increasing behavioral flexibility? An integrative macro-scale approach to understanding the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2: 623–668. doi: 10.1007/s10816-015-9254-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempson, H. 2016. “The role of rock properties in stone tool production in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu.” PhD diss., University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Lennox, S.L. and Wadley, L. 2019. “A charcoal study from the Middle Stone Age, 77,000 to 65,000 years ago, at Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal.” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 74(1): 38–54.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2008. “Finding resolution for the Howiesons Poort through the microscope: micro-residue analysis of segments from Sibudu Cave, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 26–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2011. “Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1918–1930. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2012. “Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of sub-Saharan Africa.” Quaternary International 270: 140–155. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. 2016. “Mountaineering or ratcheting? Stone Age hunting weapons as proxy for the evolution of human technological, behavioral and cognitive flexibility.” In The Nature of Culture: Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, edited by M.N. Haidle, N.J. Conard and M. Bolus, 135–146. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M. and Högberg, A. 2018. “The Still Bay points of Apollo 11 Rock Shelter, Namibia: an inter-regional perspective.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 53: 312–340. doi: 10.1080/0067270X.2018.1513240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Deacon, J., Wurz, S., Parsons, I., Mohapi, M., Swart, J. and Mitchell, P.J. 2012. “South African and Lesotho Stone Age sequence updated.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 67: 123–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Jacobs, Z., Mohapi, M. and Roberts, R.G. 2010. “Still Bay and serrated points from Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1773–1784. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay, A., Stewart, B.A. and Chase, B.M. 2014. “Coalescence and fragmentation in the late Pleistocene archaeology of southernmost Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 72: 26–51. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCall, G.S. and Thomas, J.T. 2012. “Still Bay and Howiesons Poort foraging strategies: recent research and models of culture change.” African Archaeological Review 29: 7–50. doi: 10.1007/s10437-012-9107-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohapi, M. 2012. “Point morphology and the Middle Stone Age cultural sequence of Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” South African Archaeo Logical Bulletin 67: 5–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourre, V., Villa, P. and Henshilwood, C.S. 2010. “Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa.” Science 330: 659–662. doi: 10.1126/science.1195550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patten, R.J. 1978. “‘Push’ vs ‘pull’ flaking.” Lithic Technology 7: 3–4. doi: 10.1080/01977261.1978.11754390
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, L.W. 1998. “Raking lithic retouch.” Lithic Technology 23: 27–30. doi: 10.1080/01977261.1998.11720935
   Google Scholar
• Porraz, G., Texier, P-J., Archer, W., Piboule, M., Rigaud, J-P. and Tribolo, C. 2013. “Technological successions in the Middle Stone Age sequence of Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science. 40: 3376–3400. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riede, F., Johannsen, N.N., Högberg, A., Nowell, A. and Lombard, M. 2018. “The role of play objects and object play in human cognitive evolution and innovation.” Evolutionary Anthropology 27: 46–59. doi: 10.1002/evan.21555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J.R. and Wadley, L. 2018. “Stable isotope evidence for (mostly) stable local environments during the South African Middle Stone Age from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal.” Journal of Archaeological Science 100: 32–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2018.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rots, V., Lentfer, C., Schmid, V.C., Porraz, G. and Conard, N.J. 2017. “Pressure to serrate points for the hunt: serrated points used as hafted projectiles at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.” PLoS One 12(4): e0175151. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, C.G. 1974. The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schiegl, S., Stockhammer, P., Sievers, C. and Wadley, L. 2004. “A mineralogical and phytolith study of the Middle Stone Age hearths in Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” South African Journal of Science 100: 185–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoville, B.J. 2014. “Testing a taphonomic predictive model of edge damage formation with Middle Stone Age points from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B and Die Kelders Cave 1, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 48: 84–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, S., Villa, P. and Wadley, L. 2009. “Ochre for the toolmaker: shaping the Still Bay points at Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).” Journal of African Archaeology 7: 41–54. doi: 10.3213/1612-1651-10121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano, S., Villa, P., Delagnes, A., Degano, I., Pollarolo, L., Lucejko, J.J., Henshilwood, C. and Wadley, L. 2015. “The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort at Sibudu and Blombos: understanding Middle Stone Age technologies.” PLoS One 10(7): e0131127. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa, P., Delagnes, A., and Wadley L. 2005. “A late Middle Stone Age artefact assemblage from Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal): comparisons with the European Middle Palaeolithic.” Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 399–422. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa, P., Soressi, M., Henshilwood, C.S. and Mourre, V. 2009. “The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa).” Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 441–460. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. 2005. “A typological study of the final Middle Stone Age stone tools from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 60: 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. 2007. “Announcing a Still Bay Industry at Sibudu Cave, South Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 52: 681–689. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. 2012. “Two moments in time during Middle Stone Age occupations of Sibudu, South Africa.” Southern African Humanities 24: 79–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. 2013. “MIS 4 and MIS 3 occupations in Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.” South African Archaeological Bulletin 68: 41–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. 2015. “Those marvellous millennia: the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 50: 155–226. doi: 10.1080/0067270X.2015.1039236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. and Jacobs, Z. 2006. “Sibudu Cave: background to the excavations, stratigraphy and dating.” Southern African Humanities 18: 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Wadley, L. and Mohapi, M. 2008. “A segment is not a monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2594–2605. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadley, L., Sievers, C., Bamford, M., Goldberg, P., Berna and Miller, C. 2011. “Middle Stone Age bedding construction and settlement patterns at Sibudu, South Africa.” Science 334: 1388–1391. doi: 10.1126/science.1213317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins, J., Brown, K.S., Oestmo, S., Pereira, T., Ranhorn, K.L., Schoville, B.J. and Marean, C.W. 2017. “Lithic technological responses to Late Pleistocene glacial cycling at Pinnacle Point Site 5-6, South Africa.” PLoS One 12(3): e0174051. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Will, M. and Conard, N.J. 2018. “Assemblage variability and bifacial points in the lowermost Sibudan layers at Sibudu, South Africa.” Archaeological and Anthropological Science 10: 389–414. doi: 10.1007/s12520-016-0361-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wurz, S. 2013. “Technological trends in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa between MIS 7 and MIS 3.” Current Anthropology 54(S8): S305–S319. doi: 10.1086/673283
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, M., Simon, M.H., Hall, I.R., Barker, S., Stringer, C.B., and Zahn, R. 2013. “Development of Middle Stone Age innovation linked to rapid climate change.” Nature Communications 4 (1905). doi:10.1038/ncomms2897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar