A unique lead ornament from Shivta: identification considerations

References

• Al-Salameen, Z. 2012. Living beings in Nabataean iconography: symbolism and function. In, Kiraz, G. and Al-Salameen, A. (eds), From Ugarit to Nabataea. Studies in Honor of John F. Healey: 15–76. Gorgias Ugaritic Studies 6. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. Available at: https://doi-org.ezproxy.haifa.ac.il/10.318269781463235031
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, P. 2020. The changing geography of artefact production in the Late Antique and Early Byzantine mediterranean. In, Cosentino, S. (ed.), Ravenna and the Traditions of Late Antique and Early Byzantine Craftsmanship. Labour, Culture, and the Economy: 5–32. Millennium-Studien Series 85. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110684346-002
   Google Scholar
• Aviam, M. and Stern, E. J. 1997. Burial caves near H. Sugar. ‘Atiqot 33: 89–102 (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Avni, G. 2014. The Byzantine–Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach. Oxford Studies in Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Babuin, A. 2001. Standards and insignia of Byzantium. Byzantion 71(1): 5–59.
   Google Scholar
• Badawy, A. 1978. The Art of the Christian Egyptians from the Late Antique to the Middle Ages. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baly, C. 1935. S'baita. Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly 67: 171–81.
   Google Scholar
• Baratta, G. 2013. Bleierne Götter: Über Aediculae mit mobilen Türflügeln. Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 49: 283–91.
   Google Scholar
• Baratta, G. 2016. Zwei interessante Römische Bleispiegel. In, Szabó, Á. (ed.), From Polites to magos. Studia György Németh sexagenario dedicate: 70–82. Ungarian Polis Studies 22. Budapest-Debrecen: University of Debrecen.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, G. S. 1991. The antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 45: 87–96.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Michael, J. Israel, Y. and Nahlieli, D. 2017. Nahal ʻOmer. Hadashot Archaeologyot 129. Available at: https://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=25325&mag_id=125
   Google Scholar
• Bollók, Á. 2010. The birds on the braid ornaments from Rakamaz: a view from the mediterranean. In, Daim, F. and Drauschke, J. (eds), Byzanz — das Römerreich im Mittelalter Teil 3 Peripherie und Nachbarschaft: 331–67. Darmstadt: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum.
   Google Scholar
• Bollók, Á. and Tepper, Y. 2022. The changing fashion of belt accessories in the southern Levant: sixth- to seventh-century belt accessories from Shivta. Liber Annuus 71: 441–92.
   Google Scholar
• Clairmont, C. W. 1977. Catalogue of Ancient and Islamic Glass. Athens: The Benaki Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Cutler, A. 2003. Imagination and documentation: eagle silks in Byzantium, the Latin West and ´Abbasid Baghdad’. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 96: 67–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czachesz, I. 2003. The eagle on the tree: a Homeric motif in Jewish and Christian literature. In, Martínez, F. G. and G. P. Luttikhuizen, G. P. (eds), Jerusalem, Alexandria, Rome Studies in Ancient Cultural Interaction in Honour of A. Hilhorst: 87–100. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, O. M. 1901. Catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities and Objects from the Christian East: In the Department of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography of the British Museum. London: BMP.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, G. R. 1952. Corinth the Minor Objects, Corinth 12: The Minor Objects. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, T. 2015. By the Emperor’s Hand. Military Dress and Court Regalia in the Later Romano-Byzantine Empire. Barnsley: Frontline Books.
   Google Scholar
• Deppert-Lippitz, B. 1992. Three Early Byzantine ornaments. Muse 26: 46–52.
   Google Scholar
• Di Segni, L. 2004. The Beersheba tax edict reconsidered in the light of a newly discovered fragment. Scripta Classica Israelica 23: 131–58.
   Google Scholar
• Drandaki, A., Papanikola-Bakirtzis, D. and Tourta, A. (eds) 2013. Heaven and Earth: Art of Byzantium from Greek Collections. Athens: Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports.
   Google Scholar
• Eck, W. and Tepper, Y. 2021. A stamp with Latin inscription from Sobata/Shivta in the Negev. Scripta Classica Israelica 40: 141–50.
   Google Scholar
• Elton, H. 2002. Alahan and Zeno. Anatolian Studies 52: 153–57.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, H. and Wixom, W. D. (eds) 1997. The Glory of Byzantium, Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era A.D. 843–1261. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
   Google Scholar
• Farhi, Y. 2013. Note on two types of lead currency from Late Roman/Early Byzantine Palestine (fifth century CE). Israel Numismatic Research 8: 135–41.
   Google Scholar
• Farhi, Y. and Tepper, Y. Forthcoming. The dating of Shivta in light of the numismatic finds from new excavation at the Site. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.
   Google Scholar
• Figueras, P. 1982. Beersheva in the Roman–Byzantine period. Boletín de la Asociación Española de Orientalistas 16: 135–62.
   Google Scholar
• Golan, K. 2020. Architectural Sculpture in the Byzantine Negev: Characterization and Meaning. Archaeology of the Biblical Worlds (3). Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Gonosová, A. and Kondoleon, C. 1994. Art of Late Rome and Byzantium in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Richmond: University of Virginia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grabar, A. 1980. Christian Iconography. A Study of its Origins. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grisanti, T. 1991. Dalle Terme di Caracalla. Capitelli reimpiegati nel Duomo di Pisa. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Classe di scienze morali, storiche e fi lologiche, Rendiconti 9: 161–85.
   Google Scholar
• Grotowski, P. 2010. Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints, Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843–1261). Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Habas, L. 2014. Flying eagles on church floors in the provinces of Palaestina and Arabia. In, Bottini, G. C., Chrupcała, L. D., Patrich J. (eds), Knowledge and Wisdom, Archaeological and Historical Essays in Honour of Leah Di Segni: 137–59. SBF, Collectio Maior 54. Milano: Edizioni Terra Santa.
   Google Scholar
• Hachlili, R. 2009. Ancient Mosaic Pavements: Themes, Issues, and Trends. Selected studies. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Hendin, D. 2010. Guide to Biblical Coins (5th ed.). Nyack: Amphora.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschfeld, Y. 2003. Social aspects of the Late-Antique village of Shivta. Journal of Roman Archaeology 16: 395–408.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, L. 2015. Collecting Christianity on the Nile: J. Pierpont Morgan and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. In, Evans, H. C. (ed.), The Metropolitan Museum of Art Symposia Age of Transition Byzantine Culture in the Islamic World. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, M. and Gordon, R. 1987. A Cemetery at Queen Alia International Airport. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
   Google Scholar
• Immerzeel, M. and Van der Vliet, J. 2004. Coptic Studies on the Threshold of New Millennium, proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Coptic Studies, Leiden, August 27–September 2, 2000. Leuven; Dudley, MA: Uitgeverij Peeters en Dep. Oosterse Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Isaac, B. 1998. The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers: 437–69. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanišević, V. 2018. Metal workshops of Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima). In, Drauschke, J., Kislinger, E., Kühtreiber, K., Kühtreiber, T., Scharrer-Liška, G. and Vida, T. (eds), Lebenswelten zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte Festschrift für Falko Daim zu Seinem 65. Geburtstag, Sonderdruck Monographien Des Rgzm: 711–24. Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums 150. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner.
   Google Scholar
• James, S. T. 1990. The Arms and Armour from Dura-Europos, Syria. Weaponry Recovered from the Roman Garrison Town and the Sassanid Siege Works during the Excavations, 1922–37. PhD. University College London, Institute of Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Kraemer, C. J. 1958. Excavations at Nessana 3. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maayan-Fanar, E., Tepper, Y. and Asscher, Y. 2021. An angel from Shivta. Strata: Journal of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 39: 147–68.
   Google Scholar
• Magness, J. 2005. The date of the Sardis Synagogue in light of the numismatic evidence. American Journal of Archaeology 109: 443–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire, H. 1987. Earth and Ocean: The Terrestrial World in Early Byzantine Art. University Park and London: Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, H. 1992. An early Christian marble relief at Kavala. Δϵλτioν 16: 283–95.
   Google Scholar
• Manière-Lévêque, A.-M. 1997. L’évolution des bijoux ‘aristocratiques’ féminins à travers les trésors proto-byzantins d’orfèvrerie. Revue Archéologique 1: 79–106.
   Google Scholar
• Maranci, C. 2001. Byzantium through Armenian eyes: cultural appropriation and the Church of Zuart'noc. Gesta 40(2): 105–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor, G. 2000. A church at Khirbet el-Masani’ North of Jerusalem. ‘Atiqot 40: 17*–23* (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Metcalf, D. M. 2004. Byzantine Lead Seals from Cyprus. Nicosia: Cyprus Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Michael, V. S. 2016. Revival of the Coptic tapestry decoration in Denim Fashion. International Journal of Costume and Fashion 16(2): 81–99.
   Google Scholar
• Milovanović, B., Marjanović, M. and Kosanović, I. 2015. A new find of lead mirror frames from Rit (Viminacium). Archaeology and Science 11: 9–32.
   Google Scholar
• Muthesius, A. 1997. Byzantine Silk Weaving AD 400 to AD 1200. Vienna: Fassbaender.
   Google Scholar
• Neale, J. M. and Littledale, R. F. 1868. A Commentary on the Psalms, II. London: J. Masters & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Negev, A. 1981. The Greek Inscriptions from the Negev (SBF. CMin 25). Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patrich, J. 2008. Archaeological Excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Areas CC, KK and NN. Final Report I: The Objects. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
   Google Scholar
• Pernicka, E. 2014. Provenance determination of archaeological metal objects. In, Roberts, B. W. and Thornton, C. P. (eds), Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective: Methods and Syntheses: 239–68. Springer: New York.
   Google Scholar
• Rahmani, L. Y. 1964. Mirror-plaques from a fifth-century AD tomb. Israel Exploration Journal 14.1(2): 50–60.
   Google Scholar
• Riccardi, L.A. 2002. Military standards, ‘imagines’, and the gold and silver Imperial portraits from Aventicum, Plotinoupolis, and the Marengo Treasure. Antike Kunst 45: 86–100.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R. 1999. Bleibilder — Zauberbilder. Dielheimer Blatter zur Archäologie und Textüberlieferung der Antike und Spätantike 30: 157–73.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R. 2005. Lead mirrors. Michmanim 19: 35*–41*.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M. C. 1965. Byzantine and Early Medieval Antiques in the Dumbarton Oaks Collections 2: Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration Period. Dumbarton Oaks Catalogues. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, R. 1997. Priests, soldiers, and administrators: society and institutions on the Byzantine Negev. Mediterranean Historical Review 12: 56–74.
   Google Scholar
• Saller, S. J. 1941. The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo. Jerusalem: The Franciscan press.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, A. 1983. The Byzantine City of Shivta (Esbeita), Negev Desert, Israel. BAR International Series 179. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Shatzman, I. 2021. The Dux and the Roman Army in Palaestina from Diocletian until the Arab Occupation. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi (Hebrew).
   Google Scholar
• Shereshevski, J. 1991. Byzantine Urban Settlements in the Negev Desert. Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spadlding-Stracey, G. 2020. The Cross in the Visual Culture of Late Antique Egypt. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Spasic, D. 1995–96. Antique lead mirrors from the National Museum in Pozarevac. Viminacium 10: 29–68.
   Google Scholar
• Speransky-Marshak, A. and Yuzefovsky, B. 1998. An ornamental metal brooch(?) from Herodium. The Israel Exploration Journal 48(3–4): 190–93.
   Google Scholar
• Storchan, B. 2021. Ramat Bet Shemest, Horvat Bet Natif. Hadashot Arkheologiyot. Excavations and Surveys in Israel 133. Available at: https://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=26068&mag_id=133
   Google Scholar
• Stroumsa, R. 2008. People and Identities in Nessana. PhD. Department of Classics, Duke University.
   Google Scholar
• Syon, D. 2014. Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989, Finds and Studies. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Szmoniewski, B. S. 2005. The production of objects from non-ferrous metals in the area of Central and Eastern Europe, in the initial phases of the Early Middle Ages. Revista Româna de Studii Eurasiatice 1: 107–20.
   Google Scholar
• Tal, O. 2012. A portable sundial from Apollonia-Arsuf revisited. Semitica and Classica 5: 245–48.
   Google Scholar
• Tănase, D. 2021. Craftsmen and Jewelers in the Middle and Lower Danube Region (6th to 7th Centuries). Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2019. Shivta. Preliminary report. Excavation and Survey in Israel 131 (English-Hebrew, 7.02.2019). Available at: http://www.hadashotesi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25518&mag_id=127
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2020. Shivta. Preliminary report. Excavation and Survey in Israel 132 (English-Hebrew, 22.10.2020). Available at: https://www.hadashotesi.org.il/report_detail.aspx?id=25825&mag_id=128
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, Y., Erickson-Gini, T., Farhi, Y. and Bar-Oz, G. 2018. Probing the Byzantine/Early Islamic transition in the Negev: the renewed Shivta excavations, 2015–2016. Tel Aviv 45(1): 20–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsafrir, Y., Di Segni, L. and Green, J. 1994. Tabula Imperii Romani — Iudaea — Palaestina. Eretz Israel in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods, Maps and Gazetteer. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
   Google Scholar
• Vagalinski, L. F. 2018. A rare type of early Byzantine eagle-head buckles. Studia Archaeologica Uneversitatis Serdicenesis, Suplementum VI: 515–18.
   Google Scholar
• Vitto, F. 2011. Early Byzantine-period burial cave at Kabul. ‘Atiqot 66: 107–36.
   Google Scholar
• Volbach, W. F. 1969. Early Decorative Textiles. London: Paul Hamlyn.
   Google Scholar
• Werlin, S. H. 2006. Eagle Imagery in Jewish Relief Sculpture of Late Ancient Palestine: Survey and Interpretation. MA. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Whately, C. 2016. Camels, soldiers, and pilgrims in sixth century Nessana. Scripta Classica Israelica 35: 121–35.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, D. 2003. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass 3. Corning, NY: Corning Museum of Glass.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, T. 2015. Late Roman funerary customs in light of the grave goods from the cemetery on Sallah ed-Din Street, Jerusalem. ‘Atiqot 80: 61–123.
   Google Scholar
• Wittkower, R. 1939. Eagle and serpent. A study in the migration of symbols. Journal of the Warburg Institute 2: 293–325.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, D. 2015. The Byzantine eagle countermark: creating a pseudo-consular coinage under the Heraclii? Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 55: 927–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeroulanou, A. 1988. The Byzantine openwork gold plaque in the Walters Art Gallery. The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 46: 2–10.
   Google Scholar
• Yuval-Hacham, N. 2007. ‘Like an eagle who rouses his nestlings’: the meaning of the eagle motif in ancient synagogues in the Golan and Galilee. Cathedra 124: 65–80.
   Google Scholar
• Zagos, G. and Veglery, A. 1972. Byzantine Lead Seals I/1. Basel: Zabern Print Augustin.
   Google Scholar
• Zibawi, M. 2003. Images de l'Égypte chrétienne: Iconologie copte. Paris: Éditions A et J. Picard.
   Google Scholar