Publication Cover
Levant
The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant
Volume 55, 2023 - Issue 2
187
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The EB II ‘metallic ware’ from Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank): typology, technology and petrography of a ceramic industry of the central hill country

ORCID Icon

References

  • Amiran, R., Paran, U., Shiloh, Y., Brown, R., Tsafrir, Y. and Ben-Tor, A. 1978. Early Arad. The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze Age City. I. First–Fifth Seasons of Excavations, 1962–1966. Jerusalem: The Israel Exploration Society.
  • Bar, S. 2013. Shifting settlement patterns in the southern Jordan Valley and desert fringes on Samaria during the Early Bronze Age I period. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 145(2): 90–107.
  • Bar, S. 2014. The Dawn of the Bronze Age. The Pattern of Settlement in the Lower Jordan Valley and the Desert Fringes of Samaria during the Chalcolithic Period and Early Bronze Age I. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 72. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
  • Badreshany, K., Philip, G. and Kennedy, M. 2020. The development of integrated regional economies in the Early Bronze Age Levant: new evidence from ‘Combed Ware’ jars. Levant 52(1–2): 160–96.
  • Bayazit, M., Işık, I., Issi, A. and Genç, E. 2014. Spectroscopic and thermal techniques for the characterisation of the first millennium AD potteries from Kuriki-Turkey. Ceramics International 40(9): 14769–79.
  • Braun, E. 1996. Salvage excavations at the Early Bronze Age site of Me‘ona: final report. ‘Atiqot 28: 1–31.
  • Beck, P. 1985. An Early Bronze Age ‘family’ of bowls from Tel Aphek. Tel Aviv 12: 17–28.
  • Beck, P. 2000. Area B: pottery. In, Kochavi, M., Beck, P. and Yadin, E. (eds), Aphek-Antipatris I: Excavation of Areas A and B the 1972–1976 Seasons: 93–133. Monograph Series 19. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.
  • Botticelli, M., Mignardi, S., De Vito, C., Sala, M., Mazzotta, G., Da Silva Gondim, L. and Medeghini, L. 2022. The ‘metallic ware’ from Tell el Far‘ah North (West Bank): petrography, technology, and provenance of a hidden ceramic industry. Ceramics International 48(1): 1366–74.
  • Callaway, J. A. 1964. Pottery from the Tombs at ‘Ai (Et-Tell). Colt Archaeological Institute Monograph Series 2. London: B. Quaritch.
  • Callaway, J. A. 1972. The Early Bronze Age Sanctuary at Ai (et-Tell). No. 1. A Report of the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Ai (et-Tell). Colt Archaeological Institute Publications 5. London: B. Quaritch.
  • Callaway, J. A. 1980. The Early Bronze Age Citadel and Lower City at Ai (et-Tell). A Report of the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Ai (et-Tell). No. 2. American Schools of Oriental Research, Excavation Reports. Cambridge, MA: American Schools of Oriental Research.
  • Charloux, G. 2006. Artisanat et urbanisation de la Palestine à l’âge du Bronze ancien. Apport de l’étude des céramiques à la structure sociale. PhD. Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.
  • Cook, P. 2000. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000. Sheet 5IV: Shekhem. Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (Hebrew).
  • Esse, D. L. 1984. A chronological mirage: reflections on Early Bronze IC in Palestine. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 43(4): 317–30.
  • Esse, D. L. 1991. Subsistence, Trade and Social Change in Early Bronze Age Palestine. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 50. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Fabbri, B., Gualtieri, S. and Shoval, S. 2014. The presence of calcite in archaeological ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34(7): 1899–911.
  • Fischer, P. M. 2008. Tell Abu al-Kharaz in the Jordan Valley. Volume 1: The Early Bronze Age (Contributions to the chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 16; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 48). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Fitzgerald G. M. 1935. The earliest pottery of Beth Shan. The Museum Journal 24: 5–22.
  • Garstang, J. 1932. Jericho: city and necropolis. Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 19: 3–22, 35–54.
  • Garstang, J., Droop, J. P. and Crowfoot, J. 1935. Jericho: city and necropolis (fifth report). Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22: 143–84.
  • Garstang, J., Ben-Dor, I. and Fitzgerald, G. M. 1936. Jericho: city and necropolis (report for the sixth and concluding season, 1936). Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 23: 67–100.
  • Genz, H. 2002. Die frühbronzezeitliche Keramik von Ḫirbet ez-Zeraqōn. Mit Studien zur Chronologie und funktionalen Deutung frühbronzezeitlicher Keramik in der südlichen Levante. Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins Band 27(2). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Getzov, N. 2006. The Tel Bet Yerah Excavations, 1994–1995. IAA Reports 28. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Golani, A. 2003. The pottery of strata III–I. In, Golani, A. (ed.), Salvage Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Site of Qiryat Ata: 81–170. IAA Reports 18. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Golani, A. 2022. Early Bronze Age remains at Tel Lod. ‘Atiqot 108: 145–207.
  • Gophna, R. 1996. Excavations at Tel Dalit. An Early Bronze Age Walled Town in Central Israel. Tel Aviv: Ramot Publishing.
  • Gophna, R. and van den Brink, E. C. M. 2005. The Early Bronze Age I pottery. In, van den Brink, E. C. M. and Gophna, R., Shoham (North): Late Chalcolithic Burial Caves in the Lod Valley, Israel: 99–105. IAA Reports 27. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Gophna, R. and Paz, Y. 2011. Tell Qudadi and Tel Gerisah: two Early Bronze III sites on the Yarkon River Early Bronze Age settlement in the western Yarkon–Ayalon Basin. Tel Aviv 8: 42–51.
  • Greenberg, R. 1996. Part III: the Early Bronze Age levels. In, Biran, A., Ilan, D. and Greenberg, R., Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs: 83–160. Jerusalem: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.
  • Greenberg, R. 2001. Pottery of stratum III, The Early Bronze Age II. In, Eisenberg, E., Gopher, A. and Greenberg, R., Tel Te’o, A Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age Site in the Hula Valley: 133–38. IAA Reports 13. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Greenberg, R. 2011. Travelling in (world) time: transformation, commoditization, and the beginnings of urbanism in the southern Levant. In, Wilkinson, T. C., Sherratt, S. and Bennet, J. (eds), Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to the 1st Millennia BC: 231–42. Oxford: Oxbow.
  • Greenberg, R. 2019. Urbanism and its demise in the Early Bronze II and III. In, Greenberg, R., The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant. From Urban Origins to the Demise of City-States, 3700–1000 BCE: 70–135. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Greenberg, R. and Porat, N. 1996. A third millennium Levantine pottery production center: typology, petrography, and provenance of the Metallic Ware of Northern Israel and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 301: 5–24.
  • Greenberg, R. and Iserlis, M. 2014. The Early Bronze Age pottery industries. In, Greenberg, R. (ed.), Bet Yerah: The Early Bronze Age Mound. Volume II: Urban Structure and Material Culture, 1933–1986 Excavations: 53–149. IAA Reports 54. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Greenberg, R. and Iserlis, M. 2020. A note on First Dynasty Egypt, Tel Bet Yerah, and the origins of commodity exchange on the Levantine seaboard. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 27: 38–50.
  • Hennessy, J. B. 1967. The Foreign Relations of Palestine During the Early Bronze Age. Colt Archaeological Institute Publications 7. London: B. Quaritch.
  • Huot, J. L. 1967. Typologie et chronologie relative de la céramique du Bronze ancien a Tell el-Fâr‘ah. Revue Biblique 74(4): 517–54.
  • Iserlis, M., Steiniger, D. and Greenberg, R. 2019. Contact between first dynasty Egypt and specific sites in the Levant: new evidence from ceramic analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports Volume 24: 1023–40.
  • Joffe, A. 2018. Notes on Early Bronze Age commensality. In, Shai, I., Chadwick, J. R., Hitchcock, L., Dagan, A., McKinny, C. and Uziel, J. (eds), Tell it in Gath. Studies in the History and Archaeology of Israel. Essays in Honor of Aren M. Maeir on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday: 41–70. Ägypten und Altes Testament 90. Münster: Zaphon.
  • Jordan, J. M., Hoggarth, J. A. and Awe, J. J. 2020. Pottery, practice, and place: a communities of practice approach to commoner interaction in the Late to Terminal Classic Belize River Valley. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 58/101148.
  • Kenyon, K. M. and Holland, T. A. 1982. Excavations at Jericho. Volume Four. The Pottery Type Series and Other Finds. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
  • Kenyon, K. M. and Holland, T. A. 1983. Excavations at Jericho. Volume Five. The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Others Finds. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
  • Lass, E. H. E. 2003. An Early Bronze Age IB burial cave and a Byzantine farm at Horbat Hani (Khirbet Burj el-Haniya) (West). ‘Atiqot 44: 1–51.
  • Mazar, A. 2012. Introduction and synthesis. In, Mazar, A. (ed.), Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996, Volume IV: The Fourth and Third Millennia BCE: 1–33. The Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project, Publication No. 4. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society-The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • Mazar, A. and Rotem, Y. 2009. Tel Beth Shean during the EB IB period: evidence for social complexity in the late 4th millennium BC. Levant 41(2): 131–53.
  • Medeghini, L., Sala, M., De Vito, C. and Mignardi, S. 2019. A forgotten centre of ceramic production in southern Levant: preliminary analytical study of the Early Bronze Age pottery from Tell el-Far‘ah North (West Bank). Ceramics International 45: 11457–67.
  • Mimran, Y., Shaliv, G., Sakal, E. and Sneh, A. 2020. Geological Map of Israel 1:50,000. Sheet 6–III, IV: Beqaot (Partly revised, 2020). Jerusalem: Ministry of Infrastructures, Geological Survey of Israel (Hebrew).
  • de Miroschedji, P. 1988. Yarmouth 1. Rapport sur les trois premières campagnes de fouilles à Tel Yarmouth (Israël) (1980–1982). Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Mémoire 76. Paris: Éd. Recherche sur les civilisations.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 1993. Far‘ah, Tell el- (North). Neolithic Period to Middle Bronze Age. In, Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Volume 2: 433–38. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2000. An Early Bronze Age III pottery sequence for southern Israel. In, Philip, G. and Baird, D. (eds), Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant: 315–45. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2018. The urbanization of the southern Levant in its near eastern setting. Origini. Prehistory and Protohistory of Ancient Civilizations 42: 109–48.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2020. La poterie du Bronze ancien II–III (Phases Acr-1à 4 et niveaux Acr-IX à VII). In, Jasmin, M. and de Miroschedji, P., Fouilles de Tel Yarmouth (1980–2009). Rapport final. Volume 1: Les fouilles sur l’acropole: 117–43. Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 56. Leuven-Paris-Bristol, CT: Peeters.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2021. On Early Bronze Age Levantine combed vessels: the view from the south. Levant 53(1): 30–68.
  • de Miroschedji, P. 2022. The EB I–II transition in the southern Levant: questions of sequence, terminology, and chronology. In, Adams, M. J. and Roux, V. (eds), Transitions during the Early Bronze Age in the Levant: Methodological Problems and Interpretative Perspectives: 197–263. Ägypten und Altes Testament 109. Münster: Zaphon.
  • Nodari, L., Marcuz, E., Maritan, L., Mazzoli, C. and Russo, U. 2007. Hematite nucleation and growth in the firing of carbonate-rich clay for pottery production. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27(16): 4665–73.
  • Paz, S. 2012. Changing households at the rise of urbanism: the EB I–II transition at Tel Bet Yerah. In, Parker, B. J. and Foster, C. P. (eds), New Perspectives on Household Archaeology: 407–34. Winona Lake.
  • Paz, Y. 2006. Area UN: the Ussishkin-Netzer excavations, 1967. In, Greenberg, R., Eisenberg, E., Paz, S. and Paz, Y., Bet Yeraḥ: The Early Bronze Age Mound, Volume I: Excavation Reports, 1933–1986: 277–338. IAA Reports 30. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority.
  • Paz, Y. and Paz, S. 2007. Tel Bareqet — excavations of a fortified urban settlement of Early Bronze Age II in the Central Coastal Plain. Qadmoniot 40(134): 82–88 (Hebrew).
  • Paz, Y. and Uziel, J. 2016. The Early Bronze Age at Tel Nagila. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 148(3): 161–87.
  • Paz Y., Segal, O. and Nadelman, Y. 2018. Khirbat Abu Ḥamid (Shoham North): an Early Bronze Age IB village on the eve of urbanization in the Lod Valley. ‘Atiqot 91: 105–57.
  • Paz, Y., Shoval, S. and Zlatkin, O. 2009. Canaanite EB IB ‘Proto Metallic Ware’: the earliest production of ceramic ‘metallic ware’ in the land of Israel. Leiden Journal of Pottery Studies 25: 163–88.
  • Riccardi, M. P., Messiga, B. and Duminuco, P. 1999. An approach to the dynamics of clay firing. Applied Clay Science 15(3–4): 393–409.
  • Rotem, Y. 2012. The Early Bronze Age IB pottery from Area M. In Mazar, A. (ed.), Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996, Volume IV: The Fourth and Third Millennia BCE: 123–235. The Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project, Publication No. 4. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society-The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • Rotem, Y., Iserlis, M., Höflmayer, F. and Rowan Y. M. 2019. Tel Yaqush — An Early Bronze Age village in the Central Jordan Valley, Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 381: 107–44.
  • Roux, V. 2009. Wheel fashioned ceramic production during the third millennium BCE in the southern Levant: a perspective from Tel Yarmuth. In, Rosen, A. and Roux, V. (eds), Techniques and People: Anthropological Perspectives on Technology in the Archaeology of the Proto-Historic and Early Historic Periods in the Southern Levant: 195–212. Mémoires et travaux du centre de Recherche Français à Jérusalem. Archéologie et sciences de l’Antiquité et du Moyen Âge 9. Paris: De Boccard.
  • Roux, V. and de Miroschedji, P. 2009. Revisiting the history of the potter’s wheel in the southern Levant. Levant 41(2): 155–73.
  • Roux, V. and Thalmann, J.-P. 2016. Évolution technologique et morpho-stylistique des assemblages céramiques de Tell Arqa (Liban, 3e millénaire av. J.-C.): stabilité sociologique et changements culturels. Paléorient 42(1): 95–121.
  • Sala, M. 2010. Early Bronze II pottery productions at Tell es-Sultan. In, Nigro, L., Tell es-Sultan/Jericho in the Early Bronze II (3000–2700 BC): the rise of an early Palestinian city. A synthesis of the results of four archaeological expeditions. Rome «La Sapienza» Studies on the Archaeology of Palestine & Transjordan 5: 253–323. Rome: «La Sapienza» Expedition to Palestine & Jordan.
  • Sala, M. 2022. The EB IB–II Transition at Tell el-Far‘ah North: continuity versus discontinuity. A preliminary reassessment. In, Adams, M. J. and Roux, V. (eds), Transitions during the Early Bronze Age in the Levant: Methodological Problems and Interpretative Perspectives: 179–96. Ägypten und Altes Testament 109. Münster: Zaphon.
  • Schaub, R. T. 2000. Terminology and typology of carinated vessels of the Early Bronze Age I–II of Palestine. In, Stager, L. E., Greene, J. A. and Coogan, M. D. (eds), The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond: Essays in Honor of James A. Sauer: 444–64. Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant 1. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns.
  • Segnit, E. R. and Anderson, C. A. 1972. Scanning electron microscopy of fired illite. Transactions and Journal of the British Ceramic Society 71: 85–88.
  • Sukenik E. L. 1948. Archaeological investigations at ‘Affūla. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society 21: 1–78.
  • Tite, M. S. and Maniatis, Y. 1975. Scanning electron microscopy of fired calcareous clays. Transactions and Journal of the British Ceramic Society 74: 19–22.
  • Trindade, M.J., Dias, M.I., Coroado, J. and Rocha, F. 2009. Mineralogical transformations of calcareous rich clays with firing: a comparative study between calcite and dolomite rich clays from Algarve, Portugal. Applied Clay Science 42(3–4): 345–55.
  • Trindade, M. J., Dias, M. I., Coroado, J. and Rocha, F. 2010. Firing tests on clay-rich raw materials from the Algarve Basin (southern Portugal): study of mineral transformations with temperature. Clays and Clay Minerals 58(2): 188–204.
  • Tufnell, O. 1958. Lachish IV (Tell ed-Duweir): The Bronze Age. The Wellcome-Marston Archaeological Research Expedition to the Near East 4. London-New York-Toronto: Oxford University Press.
  • de Vaux, R. 1955. Les fouilles de Tell el-Far‛ah, près Naplouse. Cinquième campagne. Revue Biblique 62(4): 541–89.
  • de Vaux, R. 1961. Les fouilles de Tell el-Far‛ah. Rapport préliminaire sur les 7e, 8e, 9e campagnes, 1958–1960. Revue Biblique 68(4): 557–92.
  • de Vaux, R. and Steve, A. M. 1947. La première campagne de fouilles à Tell el-Far‘ah, près Naplouse. Rapport préliminaire. Revue Biblique 54(3): 394–433; 54(4): 573–89.
  • de Vaux, R. and Steve, A. M. 1948. La seconde campagne de fouilles à Tell el-Far‘ah, près Naplouse. Rapport préliminaire. Revue Biblique 55(4): 544–80.
  • de Vaux, R. and Steve, A. M. 1949. La deuxième campagne de fouilles à Tell el-Far‘ah, près Naplouse. Rapport préliminaire (suite). Revue Biblique 56(1): 102–38.
  • Whitbread, I. K. 1986. The characterisation of argillaceous inclusions in ceramic thin sections. Archaeometry 28: 79–88.
  • Whitbread, I. K. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae: A Petrological and Archaeological Study. Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 4. Athens: The British School at Athens.
  • Yannai, E. 2008. Tel Lod. In, Stern, E. (ed.), The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. Volume 5: 1913–15. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Zuckerman, S. 2003. The Early Bronze Age II–III Pottery. In, Ben-Tor, A., Bonfil, R. and Zuckerman, S. (eds), Tel Qashish: A Village in the Jezreel Valley. Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1978–1987): 130–60. Qedem Reports 5. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.