Viking Stirrups from England and their Background

NOTES

• O. Rydbeck, Medd. från Lunds Hist. Mus. (1933–34), 77–98.
   Google Scholar
• J. G. D. Clark, Antiquity, XV (1941), 51.
   Google Scholar
• From Trugny, Aisne.
   Google Scholar
• J. Hampel, Alterthümer des frühen Mittellalters in Ungarn, i (Brunswick, 1905), 218–42.
   Google Scholar
• A. Schlieben, ‘Geschichte des Steigbügel’, Annalen des Vereins für Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung, XXIV (1892).
   Google Scholar
• R. Zschille und R. Forrer, Die Steigbügel in ihrer Formenentwicklung (Berlin, 1896).
   Google Scholar
• P. Reinecke, ‘Zur Geschichte des Steigbügels’, Germania, XVII (1933).
   Google Scholar
• E. M. Jope, in C. Singer (ed.), History of Technology, III (Oxford, 1956).
   Google Scholar
• L. T. White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford, 1962), 14–28 and notes pp. 140–46. This is the most recent and stimulating discussion with invaluable references, but his conclusions should be taken circumspectly.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Kao Chih Hsi, Kaogu Xuebao, III 1959), 75–106 quoted by White.
   Google Scholar
• F. Hirth, Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie (1890), 209.
   Google Scholar
• In the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Two T'ang stone reliefs of the 7th century or later at the University Museum, Philadelphia; others in the Metropolitan Museum, New York (facsimiles in the B.M.) show Chinese cavalrymen with harness and stirruped horses.
   Google Scholar
• For example, the Chertomlyk silver vase (Clark, op. cit. note 1) although its date is a matter for dispute, and the representation referred to by K. Jeffmar, Art of the Steppes (Baden Baden, 1964, and London, 1968).
   Google Scholar
• White, op. cit. note 9, 16 and note p. 141.
   Google Scholar
• L. R. Kyzlasov, Tashtykskaya epokha (Moscow, 1960), 140, f.51, 9–10.
   Google Scholar
• See R. Girshman, Artibus Asiae, XIV (1951), 184.
   Google Scholar
• Reinecke, op. cit. note 7, following Hampel. The first context securely dated by coins of the 7th century is at Ivancsa, Hungary: I. Bona, ‘Avar Larassir Ivancsarol’, Archaeologiai Ertesito (1970), 243–63.
   Google Scholar
• O. Kleeman ‘Samländische Fund und die Frage der altesten Steigbügel in Europa’, Rheinische Forschungen zur Vergeschichte, v (1956), 116.
   Google Scholar
• Oùρβικíov τακτικα στρατηγικά, allegedly by the Emperor Maurice (c. A.D. 600). See J. Scheffer, Mauricii artis militaris libri duodecim (Uppsala, 1664), 22, 64. It may also be significant that Maurice clashed several times with the Avars.
   Google Scholar
• F. Lammert, Jahresbericht über die Forschritte der Klassischen Altertumwissenschaft, CCLXXIV (1941), 45–47 summarizes the case for a later date.
   Google Scholar
• By al-Jāḥiz, setting down an oral tradition some 150 years after the event. Cf. S. M. Yusof, in Islamic Culture, XVII (1943).
   Google Scholar
• White, op. cit. note 9, 19.
   Google Scholar
• H. Stern, ‘Quelques oeuvres sculptées en bois, os et ivoire de style omeyyade’, Ars Orientalis, 1 (1954), 128–30, and note 77 where a later date is preferred, with good reason.
   Google Scholar
• W. Veeck, Die Alemannen in Württemberg, i (Leipzig and Berlin, 1931), 75, and comment by D. A. Bullough in Charlemagne and his Achievement in the Light of Recent Scholarship (1970), 86–87.
   Google Scholar
• Now in the Musée des Tissus, Lyon. The date of this cloth has also been disputed.
   Google Scholar
• Valenciennes Bibliotèque municipale 99, illustrated on folios 12, 13, 19 and 35, dated by Bischoff in Lebenswerk u. Nachleben ii, 236 and confirmed on liturgical grounds. A. Dumas, Studia Patristica, V (1962), 25–29. See also comment in Bullough, op. cit. note 26.
   Google Scholar
• H. Brunner, ‘Der Reiterdienst und die Anfänge des Lehnwesens’, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Germanische Abteilung, VIII (1887), 1–38; and his Forschungen zur Geschichte des deutschen und französischen Rechts (Stuttgart, 1894); and others following him.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, op. cit. note 2, 51.
   Google Scholar
• Inventory Nos. 14, 15, 17, and 29; White may of course be right to dismiss this type as a jeu d'esprit of the smith: op. cit. note 9, 142 and note 1 on p. 19.
   Google Scholar
• Hampel, op. cit. note 4.
   Google Scholar
• W. A. Seaby, ‘Dark Age Finds form the Cherwell and the Ray’, Oxoniensia, XV (1950), 29–43; J. B. Ward-Perkins, Medieval Catalogue, London Museum No. 7 (1940), 90–91 and figs. 24 and 25.
   Google Scholar
• J. Brøndsted, ‘Danish Inhumation Graves of the Viking Age’, Acta Archaeologica, VII (1936).
   Google Scholar
• R. Blomqvist, ‘Stigbyglar’ in Kulturen Museum Arsbok (Lund, 1948), 92–124.
   Google Scholar
• J. Petersen, Vikingetidens Redskaper (Oslo, 1951), 32–36.
   Google Scholar
• S. Grieg, ‘Gjermundbufunnet’, Norske Oldfunn, VIII (1947), pl. IV, figs. 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• A. B. Jonsson, ‘Några Forntida Upplandska Stigbygettyper’, Fornvännen, XLIX (1954), 234–40.
   Google Scholar
• D. M. Waterman, ‘Late Saxon, Viking and medieval finds from York’, Archaeologia, XCVII (1959), 74–76.
   Google Scholar
• H. J. Hundt, ‘Ein Tauschierter Steigbügel von Aholfing, Ldkr. Straubing’ Germania, XXIX (1951), 3/4, 259–61, which example is dated as late as the 10th century. See also Duisburg-Stadtmitte, Braunwald, Immerstedt, Sahlenburg-Galgenburg Grave VI.
   Google Scholar
• H. Arbman, Birka, I, Die Graber (1943), Grave 942, 364; and II, pis. XXXIII-XXXVII.
   Google Scholar
• T. J. Arné, ‘Das Bootgräberfeld von Tuna in Alsike’, K.V.H.O.A.A. (Stockholm, 1934), 65–66.
   Google Scholar
• Grieg, op. cit. note 37.
   Google Scholar
• B. Schönbäck, in private communication to P.W. Not yet published.
   Google Scholar
• K. Jażdżewski, ‘Cmentarzysko wezesno&sredniowieczne w Lotomiersku pod Łodziq w świetle badan w r (1949)’ in Inventaria Archaeologica, Corpus des ensembles archaeologiques (Pologne: Lodz and Bonn, 1958); also H. Simonsson, ‘Ett sen vikingatida gravfält från Västmanland’, Fornvannen, LXIV (1969), 69–89.
   Google Scholar
• K. Eldjarn, Kuml og Haug fé úr heiðnum sið a Íslandi, (Reykjavik, 1956), 258–59 and figs. 189–91. Only one has the trapezoidal plate, and none was found in a datable context.
   Google Scholar
• W. Holmqvist, Acta Archaeologica, XXII (1951), 1–56.
   Google Scholar
• Brøndsted, op. cit. note 34, Grave 33, 102–04; D. M. Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Ornamental Metalwork 700–1100 (British Museum, 1964), 50, pl. IX.
   Google Scholar
• P. Huggins, ‘Monastic precinct excavations, Waltham Abbey, Essex, 1974–7’, Essex Archaeol. Hist., 11 (1979) forthcoming, fig. 12, no. 3 and 3a. The plate appears to be bronze, but spectrometric scanning by electron microscope shows an absence of tin and zinc but the presence of lead in the metal and lead alone in the inlay. Pottery associated with this burial was dated late 10th to early 11th century. The authors are grateful to Mr Martin Howe, Peterborough, for bringing this to their attention, and to Mr Peter Huggins for detailed discussions.
   Google Scholar
• D. Rygh, Norske Olisager (1885).
   Google Scholar
• J. Laursen, Kuml (Aarhus, 1960), 90 et seq. and with results of X-ray, ‘Nye billedet af et Gammelt find’, Kuml (1970), 102–03.
   Google Scholar
• For finds in Germany, see W. Veeck, ‘Die Alemannen in Württemburg’, Germanische Denkmaler der Völkerwanderungszeit, Römische-Germanische Kommission (Frankfurt, 1931), 75, pl. LXVI; L. Lindenschmidt, Die Altertümer unserer Heidnischer Vorzeit, IV (Mainz, 1900) pl. XXIII-V; (1911) 196, pl. XXXVI; K. Dinklage, ‘Zur deutschen Frühcgeschichte Thüringens’, Mannus (1941), 496; A. Ekkehard, Offa, 11 (1931).
   Google Scholar
• Stapes—stirrups. Littleton's Dictionary (5th edition, 1723).
   Google Scholar
• Evidenced at Valsgärde, Grave 15. See also a pair at Norsa, Köping, Västmanland, and two pairs with cremation burials at Åsta, Björskog, Västmanland. (Letter B. Schönbäck to P.W.).
   Google Scholar
• See footnote 50.
   Google Scholar
• J. Brøndsted, op. cit. note 34, Grave 89, 169–71 and pls. V-IX.
   Google Scholar
• R. E. M. Wheeler, London and the Vikings, London Museum Cat. No. 1 (1927), 41, fig. 19.
   Google Scholar
• G. Westin, Fornvännen, XXXVI (1941), 93, text p. 95, et seq.
   Google Scholar
• Maryon's definition of the term ‘damascening’ is more restricted than that in general usage.
   Google Scholar
• But see H. Shetelig, Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and Ireland, VI (Oslo, 1954), 242.
   Google Scholar
• E. T. Leeds, V.C.H. Oxfordshire, I (1939), 369. Dr Shetelig later agreed with this possible explanation. See also Seaby, op. cit. note 33, 35, and 38.
   Google Scholar
• Ward-Perkins, loc. cit., note 33.
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Smith, B.M. Guide to Anglo-Saxon Antiquities (London, 1923), 90–91.
   Google Scholar
• T. D. Kendrick, Late Saxon and Viking Art (London, 1949), 57–58.
   Google Scholar
• See, for instance, the evidence for his dating of the Whitby vine scroll lead mount put forward by G. Haseloff, Antiq. Jnl., XXX (1950), 170–74.
   Google Scholar
• In correspondence with W. A. S. See also P. Paulsen, Axt und Kreuz bei den Nordgermanen (Berlin, 1939), figs. 50–51, showing axes from Masku, Humikkala, Finland and Biljarsk, Russia, both having inlaid decoration.
   Google Scholar
• A. H. Smith, English Place-Name Elements, E.P.N. Soc., XXV (Cambridge, 1956), map at end, also reproduced in G. Jones, History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1968), 222.
   Google Scholar
• The raids of Olaf, Sweyn and Cnut are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, augmented by the chronicles of Henry of Huntingdon and Florence of Worcester, also by the Saga of Olaf Tryggvason, the Heimskringla and other sources.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, op. cit. note 48, 107 and pl. VII. On p. 39 Wilson discusses lozenge decoration in the same technique on the hilt of the Witham sword in the British Museum and cites parallel examples.
   Google Scholar
• The help of Dr C. E. Wright of the Department of Manuscripts in the British Museum is gratefully acknowledged in this connection.
   Google Scholar
• Seaby, op. cit. note 33, 42 where graphic evidence for other later forms of stirrup is given.
   Google Scholar