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Original Articles

The Glass from Borg, an Early Medieval Chieftain's Farm in Northern Norway

Julian HendersonUniversity of Sheffield
&
Ingegerd HolandUniversity of Tromsø, Norway
Pages 29-58 | Published online: 18 May 2016

NOTES

  • O. S. Joharisen, ‘Viking Age farms: estimating the number and population size. A case study from Vestvågøry, North Norway’, Norwegian Archaeological Review, 15, nos. 1–2 (1982); G. Stamsø Munch et al., ‘Borg in Lofoten. A chieftain's farm in arctic Norway’, Universitetets Oldsaksamtings Skrifter Ny rekke, Nr. 9 (Proceedings of the Tenth Viking Congress, Larkollen, Norway, 1985), (1987), fig. 3.
  • O. S. Johansen and T. Søbstad, ‘De nordnorske tunanleggene fra jernalderen’, Viking (1977); I. Holand, Graver og samfunn. Samfunnsutvikling og -organisasion i Nord-Hälogaland i jemalderen, basert på endringer og variasjon i gravskikk (Unpubl. magister thesis in archaeology, University of Tromsø, 1989), 144–47.
  • Holand, op. cit. in note 2, 176–79.
  • Stamsø Munch et al., op. cit. in note 1, fig. 4.
  • I. Holand, ‘Utgraving av tuft i ringformet tunanlegg, Bøstad, Vestvågøy k.’ and ‘Utgraving av nausttuft. Borgsjøen, Vestvågøy k,’, ‘Arkeologisk feltairbeid i Nord-Norge og på Svalbard 1986’, TROMURA, Kulturhistorie, nr. 14 (1988).
  • T-6436.
  • T-6437.
  • Stamsø Munch et al., op.cit. in note 1, figs. 15–16.
  • For a fuller discussion of the site and its significance, see also: G. Stamsø Munch et al., ‘A chieftain's farm at Borg, Lofoten, N. Norway’. Medieval Archaeol., 30 (1986), 88–91; G. Stamsø Munch and O. S. Johanesen, ‘Borg in Lofoten—an inter-Scandinavian research project’, Norwegian Archaeol. Rev., 21, no. 2 (1988), 119–36; G. Stamsø Munch, ‘Høvdinggården “Borg i Lofoten”’, Ottar, 4/91 (Tromsa, 1991). 43–48
  • Stamsø Munch and Johansen, op. cit. in note 9.
  • Stamsø Munch et al., op. cit. in note 1, fig. 4.
  • For a fuller description, see relevant chapters in Borg, n North-Norwegian Chieftain's Farm from the Iron Age (forthcoming).
  • I. Holand, ‘Finds distribution and function analysis’, in Borg, a North-Norwegian Chieftain's Farm in the Iron Age (forthcoming).
  • Stamsø Munch, op. cit, in note 9.
  • Holand, op. cit, in note 13.
  • A fuller description of the finds, their analysis and interpretation is presented in Holand, op.cit. in note 13. Selected groups of finds are discussed in more detail by different scholars in the same publication.
  • Holand, op. cit, in note 13.
  • Stamsø Munch et al., op.cit. in note 1, figs. 11–12.
  • Ibid., fig. 10.
  • I. Holand, ‘The glass’ and ‘The pottery’, in Borg, a North-Norwegian Chieftain's Farm from the Iron Age (forthcoming).
  • I. Holand thanks Frands Herschend, Ulf Näsman, John Hunter and Vera Evison for useful discussions and comments at this stage.
  • I. Holand thanks Norsk Arkeologisk Selskap for the travel grant, and Charlotte Blindheim, Ellen-Karine Hougen. Birgit Arrhenius and Ulf Näsman for access to the assemblages.
  • U. Näsman in M. Bencard, ‘Wikingerzeitliches Handwerk in Ribe, eine Übersicht’, Acta Archaeologica, 49 (1979), 113–38.
  • A. Lundström, ‘Survey of the glass of Helgö’, in A. Lundström et al., Excavations at Helgö VII. Glass—Iron—Clay (1981), 1–38.
  • E. K Hougen, ‘Glassmaterialet fra Kaupang’, Viting (1969), 119–37; A. Lundström, ‘Bead making in Scandinavia in the early Middle Ages’, Antikvariskt Arkit, 61 (1976), 3–19.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Electron probe microanalysis of mixed-alkali glasses’. Archaeometry, 30, 1 (1988), 79–91
  • E. V. Sayre and R. W. Smith, ‘Compositional categories of ancient glass’, Science, 133 (1961), 1834–36; E. V. Sayre, ‘Summary of the Brook haven program of analysis of ancient glass’, in W. J. Young (ed.), Application of Science in Examination of Works of Art (Proceedings of the Seminar held at the Research laboratory, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, 1965), 45–64.
  • D. F. Grose, The Toledo Museum of Art Early Ancient Glass: Core-formed, Rod-formed, and Cast Vessels and Objects from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Roman Empire, 1600 B.C. to A.D. 50 (New York, 1989); D. F. Grose, ‘Early imperial Roman cast glass: the translucent coloured and colourless fine wares’, Ch. 1 in M. Newby and K. Painter (eds.), Roman glass. Two Centuries of Art and Invention (Society of Antiquaries of London Occasional Paper, vol. 13, 1991), 1–18.
  • D. B. Harden and J. Price, ‘The glass’, in B. Cunlifie, Excavations at Fishborne 1961–1969, II: The Finds (Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiouaries, no. 27) (London, 1971), 317–68.
  • J, Henderson, ‘Scientific analysis of selected Fish borne vessel glass and its archaeological interpretation’, in A. Down, Fishborne Excavations (Chichester Excavations 8) (in press).
  • R. H. Brill, ‘An observation on the Corinth diatretum’, J. Glass Studs., 6 (1964), 56–58.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Technical and archaeological analysis of glass from Silohester’, in M. Fulford, Silchester Excavations (in press).
  • C. M. Jackson, J. R. Hunter, S. E. Warren and H.E. M. Cool, ‘The analysis of blue-green glass and glassy waste from two Romano-British glass working sites’. Archaeometry, ‘90 (Basel, 1990), 295–304.
  • R. H. Brill, ‘Scientific investigations of the Jalame glass and related finds’, Ch. 9 in G.D. Weinberg (ed.), Excavations at Jalame Site of Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine (1988).
  • D. C. W. Sanderson, J. R. Hunter and S. E. Warren, ‘Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of 1st millennium A.D. glass from Britain’, J. Archaeol. Sci., 1 (1984), 53–70.
  • M. Bimson, ‘Coloured glass and millefiori in the Sutton Hoo ship burial’, Annales du 7' Congrès International d'Etude Historique du verre, Berlin-Leipzig (Liège, 1977), 437–33.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Electron-microprobe investigation of early Irish glass and glass-making practices’, in E. V. Sayre, P. Vandiver, and S. Wheeler (eds.), Materials Issues ui Art and Archaeology, 1, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 133 (1988), 141–46; J. Henderson, ‘The nature of the Early Christian glass industry in Ireland: some evidence from Dunmisk Fort, Co, Tyrone’, Ulster J. Archaeol., 51 (1988), 115–26; J. Henderson and R. Ivens, ‘Dunmisk and glass-making in Early Christian Ireland’, Antiquity, 66 (1992), 52–64.
  • M. J. Hughes, ‘A technical study of opaque red glass of the Iron Age in Britain’, Proc. Prehist. Soc., 38 (1973), 98–107; J. Henderson, ‘Chemical characterization of Roman glass vessels, enamels and tesserae’, in P. B, Vandiver, J. Druzik and G. S. Wheeler (eds.), Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology, 11, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, vol. 195 (1991), 601–08.
  • Cf. Brill, op. cit. in note 34.
  • Henderson, op. cit. in note 32.
  • I.C. Freestone, M. Bimson and D. Bockton, “Compositional categories of Byzantine glass tesserae’, Annates du 11e Congrès de l'Association International pour l'histoire du verre, Basel, 1988 (1990), 271–80.
  • Sayre, op. cit. in note 27; J. Henderson and J. Allan, ‘Enamels on Ayyubid and Mamluk glass fragments’, Archaeomaterials, 4 (1990), 167–83.
  • J. Henderson, ‘The glass’, in P. Armstrong et al., Excavations at Lurk Lane Beverley 1979–92 (Sheffield Excavations Reports, 1, 1991), 124–30, fiche B6-C1.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Archaeological and scientific analysis of the glass from Peel’, in D. Frek, Excavations at Peel Castle, Isle of Man (University of Liverpool Monograph) (in press).
  • V. I. Evison, ‘The Vendeuil Caply glass horn’, Nord-Ouest Archeologie, 3 (1990), 89–96; M, Heyworth, ‘Analysis of glass vessel fragments from Vendeuil, France’, Nord-Ouest Archeologie, 3 (1990), 97–98.
  • H. Lundegårdh, ‘Chemische Analysen von Glas aus der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit und dem frühen Mittelalter’, Exkurs in H. Arbman, Schweden und das karolingische Reich (1937), 251–55; V. I. Evison, ‘Red marbled glass, Roman to Carolingian’, Annales du 11e Congrès de l'Association International pour l'histoire du verre, Basel, 1988 (1990), 217–18.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Scientific analysis of the glass from Ribe, Jutland’ (forthcoming).
  • M. Dekówna, ‘Untersuchungen an Glasfunden aus Haithabu’, Das archäologische Fundmaterial V (Neumünster, 1990), 9–64.
  • Ibid., table 13.
  • C. Isings, ‘Glass finds from Dorestad, Hoogstraat I’, in W. A. van Es and W.J.H. Verwers (eds.), Excavations at Dorestad, I: The Harbour: Hoogstraat I (1980), 225–37.
  • M. Dekówna, ‘Remarques sur la chronologie de l'introduction dans la verrerie europénne médiévale de la technologie potassique et de celle au plomb non-alkaline’, Annales de 8e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'Histoire du verre, London-Liverpool 1979 (Liège, 1981), 145–60.
  • S. Loeschke, ‘Zur angeblich römisches Glashütte auf der Hochmark b. Cordel’, Römisch-Germanisches Korrespondenzblatt, 8 (1915), 49–57; H. Arbman, Schweden und des karolingische Reich (1937).
  • Evison, op. cit. in note 46.
  • Lundegårdh, op. cit. in note 46.
  • Unpublished analyses by J. Henderson.
  • T. E. Haevernick, ‘Karolingisches Glas aus St. Dionysius in Esslingen’, Forschungen und Berichte der Archäologie des Mittelalters in Baden- Württemberg, 6 (1979), 157–71.
  • J. Henderson and M. Mango, ‘Iconographic and scientific analysis of glass from the Catacombs in Rome’ (forthcoming).
  • D. C. Sanderson and J. R. Hunter, ‘Neutron activation analysis of archaeological glass from Britain and Scandinavia’, PACT, VII (1982), 401–11.
  • E.g. compare Sanderson et al., op. cit. in note 35.
  • J. Henderson, ‘Electron probe microanalysis of the cables’, in J. R. Hunter and M. Heyworth, The glass from Hamwich (in press).
  • G. Arwidsson, Die Gräberfunde von Valsgärde, I: Valsgärde, 6 (1942).
  • Slight discrepancies between these two sherds led U. Näsman to suggest that they came from different vessels, a conclusion not supported by the chemical analysis; see Näsman, ‘Vendel period glass from Eketorp-II, Oland, Sweden. On glass and trade from the late 6th to the late 8th centuries A.D.’, reprinted from Acta Archaeologica, 55 (1984) (1986), 79.
  • Ibid.
  • E. Baumgartner and I. Krueger, Phönix aus Sand und Asche. Glas des Mittelalters (München, 1988), 76.
  • V, Evison, ‘Some Vendel, Viking and Saxon glass’, in B. Hårdh et al (eds.), Trade and Exchange in Prehistory. Studies in Honour of Berta Stjernquist (Acta Archaeologica Lundensia, Series IN 8°, no. 16, 1988), 241; L. Webster and J. Backhouse (eds.), The Making of England. Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture A.D. 600–900 (1991), 92–93.
  • N. Meyer and M. Wyss, ‘Fragments de verre colores’, in D. Foy and G. Sennequier (eds.), A travers le verre, du moyen âge à la renaissance (1989), 145.
  • Isings, op. cit. in note 50, 231; Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 71.
  • J. Callmer, ‘Production site and market area’, Meddelanden från Lunds universitets historiska museum, N.S. 4 (1982), 149; J. Callmer, ‘Vendeltida glasmästere på handelsplatsen i Ahus’, Populär Arkeologi, 8/3 (1990), 20.
  • W. Holmqvist, ‘Glass’, in W. Holmqvist and B. Arrhenius (eds.), Excavations at Helgö II. Report for 1957–1959 (1964), 250–51; Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 77.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 75–76.
  • A. Bennett, ‘Gravfält och fynd från jämåldern. En kort översikt över 1970–71 års utgrävningar i Botkyrka’, Fornvännen, 67 (1972), 247 ff.; Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 77.
  • Haevernick, op. cit. in note 56, 157.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 78–80.
  • The Whitby sherd may come from the wall of a bowl, but was secondarily prepared for use as an inlay (see Holmqvist, op. cit. in note 69, 252; Webster and Backhouse, op.cit. in note 65, 143).
  • F. Rademacher, ‘Fränkische Gläser aus dem Rheinland’, Berliner Jahrbuch, 147 (1942), Taf. 64:1, 65:2.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 70, also fig. 7.7.
  • Ibid.,78.
  • Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 75, no. 21.
  • Näsman, op.cit. in note 62, 79.
  • Haevernick, op. cit. in note 36, 157; Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 79.
  • Arwidsson, op. cit, in note 61.
  • B. Arrhenius, ‘The chronology of the Vendel graves’ in J. P. Lamm and H.-Å. Nordström (eds.), Vendel Period Studies. The Museum of National Antiquities, Stockholm Studies, 2 (1983), 44.
  • Eketorp is thought to have been abandoned around A.D. 650, cf. Näsman, op.cit. in note 62.
  • Ibid., 80.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 76–80, with further references; Evison, op. cit. in note 65, 241; Meyer and Wyss, op. cit. in note 66, 145.
  • Kaupang, Hougen, op.cit. in note 25, 119; Hopperstad and possibly Breviksstranden: E. K. Hougen, ‘Glassbegre i Norge fra sjette til tiende århundre’, Viking (1968), 93, 100.
  • Birka: Arbman, op. cit. in note 52, 52, and Holmqvist, op. cit. in note 69, 251; Århus: Näsman. op. cit. in note 62, 78; Sorte Muld at Bornholm: U. Nasman, ‘Om fjärrhandel i SydSkandinaviens yngre järnålder. Handel med glas under germansk järnålder och vikingatid’, Hikuin, 16 (1990), 98.
  • Bedfordbury: V. E. Evison, ‘Le verre caroliogien’, in Foy and Sennequier, op. cit. in note 66, 140; Ipswich: V. E. Evison, ‘Anglo-Saxon glass claw-beakers’,Archaeologia, 107 (1982), 11; Brough of Birsay, Mote of Mark, Repton and Wicken Bonhunt: Näsman, op.cit. in note 62, 79–80,
  • Runde Berg bei Urach: Evison, op.cit. in note 65, 241; Haithabu: Haevernick, op.cit. in note 56, 157–58; Zähringer Burgberg and Starigard/Oldenburg: Baumgartner and Krueger, op, cit. in note 64, 69; Paderborn: M, Müller-Wille, Westeuropäischer Import der Wikingerzeit in Nordeuropa’, in S.-D, Lindquist (ed.), Society and Trade in the Baltic during the Viking Age, Papers of the VIIth Visby Symposium, Gotland's Historical Museum, Visby, August 15–19, 1983 (1989), 79–102.
  • Corinth: Evison, op. cit. in note 88, 140.
  • Ibligo-Invillino and Roma: Näsman, op. cit. in note 62,80; San Viocenzo al Volturno: Evison, op. cit. in note 65, 243; R. Hodges and J. Mitchell, ‘The glass-makers in San Vincenzo’, Current Archaeol., 122 (1990), 86–90,
  • Belgorod Djnestrovski: Haevernick, op. cit. in note 56, 159.
  • G. Arwidsson, ‘Some glass vessels from the boat-grave cemetery at Valsgärde’, Acta Archaeologica, 3 (1932), 265; Holmqvist, op.cit. in note 62, 252.
  • Haevernick, op. cit. in note 56, 161.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62.
  • Baumgartner and Krueger, op.cit. in note 64, 69; Evison, op, cit. in note 65, 240–42; Näsman, op, cit. in note 87, 98.
  • Evison, op. cit. in note 88, 50–51.
  • For a summary of the extensive discussion on the technical creation of claws, see Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, and Evison, op. cit. in note 88, 43 f., both with further references.
  • Näsman, op.cit. in note 62, 63–65.
  • G. Arwidsson, Die Gräberfunde con Valsgärde II: Valsgärde, 8 (1954), 140; G. Arwidsson, Valsgärde, 7 (1977), 126 ff.
  • Arrhenius, op. cit. in note 82.
  • Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 64.
  • For instance: F. Fremersdorf, ‘Zur Geschichte des fränkischen Rüsselbechers’, Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch, Bd. II/III 1(1933/34); Rademacher, op. cit. in note 75; Evison, op, cit. in note 88.
  • Evison, op. cit, in note 88, 47, type 2b.
  • Evison, op. cit. in note 65, 239.
  • Hougen, op. cit. in note 25, 121.
  • Hougen, op. cit. in note 86, 88.
  • Sorte Muld on the island of Bornholm: Näsman, op. cit. in note 87, 97, fig. 5.
  • Finds of type 4 beakers come from Grötlingbo/Hablingbo, Vendel XII and Valistenarum, possibly also Sörhusby, Husby-Arlinghundra, Rinkeby, Täby and Helgö, of Uppland beakers from Valsgärde 5, 6 and 8 and Vendel I. See Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 67–68.
  • English finds include: Ashford, Faversham (2), Gilton, and Wickhambreux, all Kent, Loveden Hills, Lincolnshire, Taplow, Buckinghamshire (4), and Brandon, Suffolk. The German beakers come from Nettersheim and Siersdorf, but both are probably produced in England. See Evison, op.cit. in note 88 and in note 65, 239; V. E. Evison, ‘Some distinctive glass vessels of the post-Roman period’, J. Glass Studs., 25 (1983), 89; Näsman, op. cit. in note 62, 68.
  • Fremersdorf, op.cit. in note 103.
  • Rademacher, op. cit. in note 75.
  • Evison, op.cit. in note 88; see also Evison, op. cit. in note 110.
  • Evison, op.cit. in note 88, 58–59, and in note 110, 89.
  • Näsman, op.cit. in note 62, 70, and in note 87, 96.
  • Evison, op.cit. in note 110, 90.
  • G. Arwidsson, Vendelstite, Email und Glas im 7.-8. Jahrhundert (1942), 89 ff.
  • H. Arbman, Birka I: Die Gräber. Text/Tafeln (1953), Taf. 191:1, grave 464.
  • Sweden: Åhus, see Callmer, op.cit. in note 68, 149; Helgö, see Holmqvist, op.cit. in note 69, 137, 247; Valsgärde, see A. Lundström, ‘Cuppa vitrae auro ornata’, Antikvariskt Arkiti 40/Early Medieval Studies, 3 (1971), 52–53; Torslunda, see J. Hunter, Scandinavian Glass Vessels of the First Millennium A.D. Typological and Physical Examination (Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Archaeology, University of Durham, 1977), S92; Denmark: Ribe, J. Henderson, pers. comm.; Germany: Paderborn, see W. Winkelmann, ‘Archäologische Zeugnisse zum frühmittelalterlichen Handwerk in Westfalen’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 11, Band (1977), 123, and Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 66; Niedermünster, see Haevernick, op.cit. in note 56, 165; Hotland: Dorestad, see Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 66, 68, and Isings, op. cit. in note 50, 230; Belgium: Liège, see Evison, op.cit. in note 65, 240, and V. E. Evison, ‘Vieux-Marche, Place Saint-Lambert, Liège—the glass’, in M. Otte, Les Fouilles de la Place Saint-Lambert a Liège 2, le vieux marche’, Etudes et récherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège, 13 (1988), 216–18.
  • Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 66, no. 8.
  • Helgö, see Holmqvist, op.cit. in note 69, 248; Torslunda, see Hunter, op. cit. in note 119, 292. I. Holand also thanks Else Nordahl, Uppsala University, for access to the unpublished Valsgärde sherds and for explaining their difficult context.
  • Birka grave 464 is dated to the first half of the 9th century, cf. Arbman, op.cit. in note 52, 39.
  • Op. cit. in note 119.
  • K. S. Painter, ‘Group K: Gold Glass’, in D. B. Harden (ed.), Glass of the Caesars (1987), 262–63.
  • Ibid., 265ff. See also Henderson and Mango, op.cit. in note 57.
  • Painter, op. cit. in note 124, 263 fif.
  • Harden, sec note 124, 253, 25.
  • Ibid., 27,
  • Holmqvist, op. cit. in note 69, 248; Lundström, op, cit. in note 119, 53.
  • Hunter, op.cit, in note 119.
  • Painter, op.cit. in note 124, 26.
  • Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64, 66.
  • Lundström, op, cit, in note 119.
  • D. Selling, ‘Problem kring vikingatida keramikkannor’, Fomvännen, 46 (1951).
  • A. Liestøl, ‘The hanging bowl, a liturgical and domestic vessel’, Acta Archaealogica, 24 (1953).
  • Lundström, op, cit. in note 119, 58–59.
  • Selling, op. cit. in note 134; Lundström, op. cit. in note 119, 57.
  • Selling, op, cit. in note 134.
  • D. Selling, Wikingerzeitliche und frühmittelalterliche Keramik in Schweden (1955).
  • Lundström, op. cit. in note 119. 62 ff.; Haevernick, op. cit. in note 56, 163ff.
  • Ibid., at Mainz, Mertloch, Esslingen, Strassbourg, Putten and Dorestad.
  • Lundström, op. cit. in note 119.
  • Baumgartner and Krueger, op. cit. in note 64. 65.
  • Evison, op. cit. in note 65 and 199.
  • Winkelmann, op. cit. in note 119, 123–25.
  • The typology, development and dating of palm cups and funnel beakers follows Rademacher, op, cit. in note 75, and D. B. Harden, ‘Ancient glass, III: post-Roman’, Archaeol. J., 123 (1972), 78–117,
  • Arbman, op.cit. in note 118, Taf. 189:1, 190;2.
  • Arwidsson, op. cit, in note 93, 259–60.
  • Arbman, op.cit. in note 52, 70.
  • V. E, Evison, ‘Bichrome glass vessels of the seventh and eighth centuries’, Studien zur Sachsenforschung, 3 (1982).
  • Ibid., 15; Henderson, op. cit. in note 43.
  • Ibid., 19.
  • Arwidsson, op. cit. in note 117, 93; Evison, op. cit. in note 110, 89.
  • Arrhenius, op. cit. in note 82.
  • M. P. Heyworth, An Archaeological and Compositional Study of Early Medieval Glass from North-west Europe (Ph.D. thesis, University of Bradford, 1991).
  • See section on ‘Composition of “high” and “low” status glasses’ above.
  • Arbman, op, cit. in note 118, 142, Taf. 191:3.
  • Ibid, 366, Taf. 192:1, right.
  • Isings, op.cit. in note 50, 227, fig. 153:7.
  • Arbman, op, cit. in note 52, 50.
  • Ibid., 51, Abb. 6.
  • Lundergårdh, op. cit. in note 46, 252–53,
  • N. Lund, Ottar og Wulfstan, to rejsebeskrivelser fra vikingetiden (Roskilde, 1983).
  • The official term Saami is used instead of the old term Lapp.
  • Hougen, op. cit. in note 86.
  • For a fuller discussion of radiocarbon dates from Borg, see O. S. Johansen, in Borg, a North-Norwegian Chieftain's Farm from the Iron Age (forthcoming).

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