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Original Articles

Excavation of a pre-Conquest Cemetery at Addingham, West Yorkshire

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Pages 151-191 | Published online: 18 May 2016

NOTES

  • This has been suggested by a number of local historians, and the hypothesis has been strengthened by recent researches of Mr Arnold Pacey (pers. comm.).
  • P. Ryder, Medieval Churches of West Yorkshire. West Yorkshire Archaeology Service (Wakefield. 1993), 136–37.
  • M. L. Fault, ‘The display of Anglo-Saxon crosses of the Keighley area’, Trans. Ancient Monuments Soc., n.s. 30 (1986), 29–31.
  • Mrs Kate Mason, pers. comm.
  • A. Boucher and A. Webb, St Peter's Church, Addingham, West Yorkshire: Landscape Surrey, West Yorkshire Archaeol. Service, report series R. 167 (1994).
  • H. E. J. le Patourel and P. Wood, ‘Excavation at the Archbishop of York's manor house at Otley’, Yorkshire Archaeol. J., 45 (1973), 119–20.
  • J. Hodgson Hind (ed.), Symeonis Dunelmensis Opera et Collectanea, 1 Surtees Soc., 51 for 1867 (1868), 134.
  • D. Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents, 1 (2nd ed., 1979), 565.
  • W. Farrer (ed.), Early Yorkshire Charters, 1 (Edinburgh, 1914), 21–23.
  • M. L. Faull and M. Stinson (eds.), Domesday Book 30. Yorkshire (Chichester, 1986), IW46. IW73. 21W5. SW, Bu32. SW, Cr3.
  • Cal. Inquisitions Post Mortem, v, no. 395.
  • C. T. Clay, Early Yorkshire Charters, VII (1947), 166–76; idem, Early Yorkshire Charters, XI (1963), 119.
  • West Yorkshire Archives: Wakefield Registry of Deeds, vol. H, p. 357, no. 444.
  • West Yorkshire Archives: Bradford 38D90/6.
  • Ibid.
  • West Yorkshire Archives: Leeds 2161.
  • West Yorkshire Archives: Leeds 342.
  • The map is among the Devonshire (Chatsworth) MSS. I am most grateful to Dr R. T. Spence for this information.
  • Bodleian Library, collections of Richard Frank, MS Top. Yorks C13, f. 51V.
  • C. Giles, Rural Houses of West Yorkshire (1986), 176.
  • Loc. cit. in note 19, f. 87.
  • F. Thorp, ‘The Yorkshire Archaeological Register: 1975’, Yorkshire Archaeol. J., 48 (1976), 6.
  • Loc. cit. in note 14.
  • 'Part of the old Church Orchard has been added to the burial-yard on the west side, and many human bones and entire skeletons have been found. In fact it is not possible to dig anywhere here without finding bones' (H. Speight, Upper Wharfedale (1900), 279).
  • Pers. comm.
  • A. von den Driesch and J. A. Boessneck, ‘Kritische Anmerkungen zur Widerristhöhenberechnung aus Längenmassen vor-und frühgeschichtlicher Tierknochen’, Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 22 (1974), 325–48.
  • Cited in G. W. I. Hodgson, The Animal Remains from Excavations at Vindolanda, 1970–75, Vindolanda trust (1977), 24.
  • Cited in R. M. Luff, A Zooarchaeological Study of the Roman North-western Provinces, British Archaeol. Rep. Int. Ser. 137 (1982), 136.
  • J. Bourdillon and J. Coy, ‘The animal remains’, in P. Holdsworth, Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971–76, C.B.A. Res. Rep. 33 (1980), 104.
  • See A. MacGregor, ‘Barred combs of Frisian type in England’, Medieval Archaeol. 19 (1975), 195–98; and C. Hills, ‘Barred zoomorphic combs of the Migration Period’, in V. I. Evison (ed.), Angles, Saxons and Jutes: Essays presented to J. N. L. Myres (Oxford, 1981), 96–111.
  • Hills, op. cit. in note 30, 109–11.
  • See, for example, A. Roes, Bone and Antler Objects from the Frisian Terp Mounds (Haarlem, 1963), pl. xii, 3.
  • B. Nerman, Die Völkerwanderungszeit Gotlands (Stockholm, 1935), Taf. 52, 547.
  • See, for example, K. Ambrosiani, Viking Age Combs, Comb Making and Comb Makers, Stockholm Studies in Archaeology, 2 (Stockholm, 1981), fig. 34.; and A. MacGregor, Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn. The Technology of Skeletal Materials since the Roman Period (London, 1985), fig. 54g.
  • MacGregor, op. cit. in note 34, 197–200.
  • W. D. Tempel, ‘Die Kämme aus der frühgeschichtlichen Wurt Elisenhof’, Studien zur Küstenarchäologie Schleswig-Holsteins, ser. A Elisenhof 3 (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1979), 158, Abb. 4, 23.
  • I. Ulbricht, Die Verarbeitung von Knochen, Geweih und Horn im mittelalterlichen Schleswig, Ausgrabungen in Schleswig, Berichte und Studien, 3 (Neumünster, 1984), Taf. 27, 2; 29, 5; 30, 1.
  • A. MacGregor, ‘Objects of bone, antler and horn from excavations at 16–22 Coppergate’, in The Archaeology of York, vol. XVII, forthcoming.
  • C. E. Batey, Freswick Links, Caithness. A re-appraisal of the Late Norse site in its context, British Archaeol. Rep., British Ser. 179 (1987), part ii, pl. 34c.
  • D. M. Waterman, ‘Late Saxon, Viking and medieval finds from York’, Archaeologia, 97(1959), 88–90, figs. 17, I, 3, pl. XVIII, 11.
  • Macgregor, op. cit. in note 38.
  • J. E. Mann, ‘Early medieval finds from Flaxengate’, in The Archaeology of Lincoln, XIV (1982), 5, fig. 3,4.
  • A. MacGregor, op. cit. in note 34, 91–92.
  • I. Riddler, ‘Saxon handled combs from London’, Trans. London and Middlesex Archaeol. Soc., 41 (1990), 11–13, fig. 1b-c.
  • As well as linked ring-and-dot decoration: W. D. Tempel, op. cit. in note 36, 158, Abb. 4, 19.
  • Dr Björn Ambrosiani, pers. comm.
  • Identified by Dr Ailsa Mainman.
  • S. Moorhouse and A. M. Slowikowski, ‘The pottery’, in S. Moorhouse and S. Wrathmell, Kirkstall Abbey, 1, Yorkshire Archaeology, 1 (1987), 110.
  • W. A. Rodwell and K. A. Rodwell, ‘St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber: excavation and structural study 1978–81’, Antiq. J., 62 (1982), 283–315.
  • T. Waldron, ‘The relative survival of the human skeleton: implications for paleopathology”, in A. Boddington, A. N. Garland and R. C. Janaway (eds.), Death, decay and reconstruction: Approaches to archaeology and forensic science (Manchester. 1987), 55–64.
  • D. R. Brothwell, Digging up bones, British Museum (2nd ed., 1981).
  • D. Katz and J. M. Suchey, ‘Age determination of the male os pubis’, Amur. J. Phys. Anthropol., 69 (1986), 427–35.
  • C. O. Lovejoy, S. Meindl, T. R. Przybeck and R. P. Mensforth, ‘Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium. A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death’, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 68 (1985), 15–28.
  • M. Y. Iscan, S. R. Loth and R. K. Wright, ‘Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: a new method to estimate age at death in white males’, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol., 65 (1984), 427–35.
  • F. V. H. Powell, ‘The human skeletal remains’ in A. Boddington (ed.), Rounds Furnells. The Anglo-Saxon church and churchyard (London, 1996).
  • C. Wells, ‘The human bones’ in P. Wade-Martins (ed.), Excavations at North Elmham Park 1967–1972, East Anglian Archaeology Report, 9 (1980), 247–302.
  • W. Bonser, The medical background of Anglo-Saxon England, The Wellcome Historical Medical Library (1963).
  • Wells, op. cit. in note 56.
  • A. Boylston, Box Lane (Area 3), Pontefract: human skeletal report, 1991, unpublished.
  • S. Hillson, Teeth (Cambridge, 1986).
  • Wells, op. cit. in note 56.
  • P. Stuart-Macadam, ‘Anaemia in past human populations’, in P. Stuart-Macadam and S. Kent (eds.), Diet, demography and disease: changing perspectives (New York, 1991), 151–73.
  • Wells, op. cit. in note 56.
  • Dr C. Knüsel, pers. comm.
  • M. A. Kelley and M. S. Micozzi, ‘Rib lesions in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis’, Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol, 65 (1984), 381–86.
  • Dr K. Manchester, pers. comm.
  • J. Fraser, ‘Tuberculosis’ in W. R. Bett (ed.), A short history of some common diseases (Oxford, 1934), 15–33.
  • Dr K. Manchester, pers. comm.
  • O. P. Hengen, ‘Cribra orbitalia: pathogenesis and probable etiology’, Homo, 22 (1971), 57–76.
  • Note that there is no evidence in the bone report to suggest burning of any of the human remains.
  • C. Thomas, The Early Christian archaeology of North Britain (Oxford, 1971).
  • See, for example, A. Boddington, ‘Chaos, disturbance and decay in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery, in A. Boddington, A. N. Garland and R. C. Janaway (eds.), Death, decay and reconstruction: Approaches to archaeology and forensic science (Manchester, 1987). 30.
  • Ibid.
  • R. Cramp, ‘The position of the Otley crosses in English sculpture of the eight to ninth centuries’, Kolloquium über Spätantike und Frühmittelalterliche Skulptur (Mainz, 1970), 62; Faull, op. cit. in note 3, 31.
  • B. R. Hartley, Roman Ilkley (Ilkley, 1987), 2–3.
  • M. L. Faull and S. A. Moorhouse (eds.), West Yorkshire: an Archaeological Survey to AD 1500, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council (Wakefield, 1981), 189.
  • G. R.J. Jones, ‘Some donations to Bishop Wilfrid in Northern England’, Northern Hist., 31 (1995). 32 and n. 45.
  • Ibid., 34.
  • I. N. Wood, ‘Anglo-Saxon Otley and its crosses’, Northern Hist, 23 (1987), 20–38.
  • Ibid., 36–37; R. N. Bailey, Viking Age Sculpture in Northern England (London, 1980), fig. 52; Cramp, op. cit. in note 74, 63.
  • Bailey, op. cit. in note 80, 41.
  • P. J. Huggins, ‘Excavation of Belgic and Romano-British farm with Middle Saxon cemetery and churches at Nazeingbury, Essex, 1975–6’, Essex Archaeol. Hist., 10 (1978), 49–50.
  • As at Brandon: R. D. Carr et al., ‘The Middle-Saxon settlement at Staunch Meadow, Brandon’, Antiquity, 62 (1988), 373–74.
  • Huggins, op. cit. in note 82, 55 and 63; R. Gilchrist, Gender and Material Culture (1994), 29–30.
  • D. Allen and C. H. Dalwood, ‘Iron Age occupation, a Middle Saxon Cemetery, and 12th to 19th-century urban occupation: excavations in George Street, Aylesbury, 1981’, Recs. of Bucks., 25 (1983), 52.
  • Ibid., 53.
  • Suggested by D.J. H. Michelmore in Faull and Moorhouse, op. cit. in note 76, 476–77 and n. 21: see also ibid., 190.
  • T. Wilmott, ‘Excavations at Tanner's Row, Pontefract (1985–6)’, unpublished excavation report. West Yorkshire Archaeology Service.
  • I. Roberts, Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire Archaeology Service (Wakefield, 1990), 3–5.
  • P. Everson, ‘Excavations in the Vicarage Garden at Brixworth, 1972’, J. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc., 130 (1977), 55–57, 67–73.
  • T. Wilmott, ‘Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire: Archaeological Evaluation Assessment Report”, English Heritage, 1996, unpublished, 14–17.
  • K. A. Adams, ‘Monastery and village at Crayke, North Yorkshire’, Yorkshire Archaeol. J., 62 (1990), 32–34.
  • Ibid., 36–40.
  • Jones, op. cit. in note 77, 32.
  • Everson, op. cit. in note 90, 70.
  • Whitelock, op. cit. in note 8.
  • Loc. cit. in note 11.
  • T. T. Lang, pers. comm.
  • Bailey, op. cit. in note 80, 189–90.

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