Gender differences in weighing probability and payoffs in risky prospects: experimental evidence from Malaysia

References

• Abdellaoui, M. (2000). Parameter-free elicitation of utility and probability weighting functions. Management Science, 46, 1497–1512. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.11.1497.12080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdellaoui, M., Bleichrodt, H., & L’Haridon, O. (2008). A tractable method to measure utility and loss aversion under prospect theory. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 36, 245–266. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-008-9039-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdellaoui, M., Bleichrodt, H., & Paraschiv, C. (2007). Loss aversion under prospect theory: A parameter-free measurement. Management Science, 53, 1659–1674. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1070.0711
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdellaoui, M., L’Haridon, O., & Zank, H. (2010). Separating curvature and elevation: A parametric probability weighting function. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 41, 39–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-010-9097-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleichrodt, H., & Pinto, J. L. (2000). A parameter-free elicitation of the probability weighting function in medical decision analysis. Management Science, 46, 1485–1496. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.46.11.1485.12086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody, L. R. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotion. In S. L. Ablon, D. Brown, E. J. Khantzian, & J. E. MackHuman (Eds.), Human feelings: Explorations in affect development and meaning (pp. 87–121). Hillsdale, NJ: The analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367–383. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.3.367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerer, C. F., & Ho, T.-H. (1994). Violations of the betweenness axiom and nonlinearity in probability. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 8, 167–196. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croson, R., & Gneezy, U. (2009). Gender differences in preferences. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 448–474. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Mauro, C., & Maffioletti, A. (2004). Attitudes to risk and attitudes to uncertainty: Experimental evidence. Applied Economics, 36, 357–372. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840410001674286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel, C., & Grossman, P. J. (2008). Men, women and risk aversion: Experimental evidence. Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, 1, 1061–1073. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0722(07)00113-8
   Google Scholar
• Ehmkea, M., Lusk, J., & Tyner, W. (2010). Multidimensional tests for economic behavior differences across cultures. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39, 37–45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2009.06.006
   Google Scholar
• Fehr-Duda, H., De Gennaro, M., & Schubert, R. (2006). Gender, financial risk, and probability weights. Theory and Decision, 60, 283–313. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11238-005-4590-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippin, A., & Crosetto, P. (2014, May). A reconsideration of gender differences in risk attitudes (IZA Discussion Paper No. 8184).
   Google Scholar
• Fischbacher, U. (2007). z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for readymade economic experiments. Experimental Economics, 10, 171–178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-006-9159-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gneezy, U., Leonard, K. L., & List, J. A. (2009). Gender differences in competition: Evidence from a matrilineal and a patriarchal society. Econometrica, 77(5), 1637–1664. doi: https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA6690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, W. M., & Einhorn, H. J. (1987). Expression theory and the preference reversal phenomena. Psychological Review, 94, 236–254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, B., & Yang, C.-L. (2012). Gender differences in risk attitudes: Field experiments on the matrilineal Mosuo and the patriarchal Yi. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 59–65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R., & Wu, G. (1999). On the shape of the probability weighting function. Cognitive Psychology, 38, 129–166. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1998.0710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2002). Risk attitudes of children and adults: Choices over small and large probability gains and losses. Experimental Economics, 5, 53–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016316725855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2010). The fourfold pattern of risk attitudes in choice and pricing tasks. The Economic Journal, 120, 595–611. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02312.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, C. R., Jenkins, M., & Glaser, D. (2006). Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men? Judgment and Decision Making, 1, 48–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, G. W., Johnson, E., McInnes, M. M., & Rutström, E. E. (2005). Risk aversion and incentive effects: Comment. American Economic Review, 95, 897–901. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harshman, R. A., & Paivio, A. (1987). Paradoxical’ sex differences in self-reported imagery. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 41, 287–302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillier, L. M., & Morrongiello, B. A. (1998). Age and gender differences in school-age children’s appraisals of injury risk. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 23, 229–238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/23.4.229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, C. A., & Laury, S. K. (2002). Risk aversion and incentive effects. American Economic Review, 92, 1644–1655. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263–292. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattimore, P. K., Baker, J. R., & Witte, A. D. (1992). The influence of probability on risky choice: A parametric examination. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 17, 377–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(95)90015-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, A. G., & Baron, J. (2005). How bad is a 10% chance of losing a toe? Judgments of probabilistic conditions by doctors and laypeople. Memory & Cognition, 33, 1399–1406. doi: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee Christopher, K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267–286. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, R. A., & Cox, C. M. (2001). The influence of gender on the perception and response to investment risk: The case of professional investors. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, 2(1), 29–36. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327760JPFM0201_3
   Google Scholar
• Pondorfer, A., Mahmoud, T. O., Rehdanz, K., & Schmidt, U. (2014, September). Gender differences in risk preferences and stereotypes: Experimental evidence from a matrilineal and a patrilineal society (Kiel Working Paper 1957).
   Google Scholar
• Schubert, R. (1989). Financial decision making: Are women really more risk-averse? American Economic Review, 89, 381–385. doi: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.381
   Google Scholar
• Slovic, P., Flynn, J., & Layman, M. (1994). Perceived risk, trust and the politics of nuclear waste. Science, 254, 1603–1607. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5038.1603
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Fox, C. R. (1995). Weighing risk and uncertainty. Psychological Review, 102, 269–283. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5, 297–323. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Wakker, P. (1995). Risk attitudes and decision weights. Econometrica, 63, 1255–1280. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2171769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, E. U., Blais, A.-R., & Betz, N. E. (2002). A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: Measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 15(4), 263–290. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar