Fungal and vascular plant polysaccharide digestion by larvae of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

References

• Agarwal , A. K. 1976a . Digestive enzymes of sugarcane pink borer Sesamia inferens Walker (Lepidoptera) . Journal of research on the Lepidoptera , 15 : 153 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal , A. K. 1976b . Melezitase and maltase from the midgut of Sesamia inferens Walker (Lepidoptera: Insecta) . Experientia , 32 : 876 – 877 .
   Google Scholar
• Alma , P. J. 1977 . Aenetus virescens (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) , Forest and timber insects in New Zealand leaflet No. 16 Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Applebaum , S. W. , Harpaz , I. and Bondi , A. 1964 . Amylase secretion on the larvae of Prodenia litura F. (Insecta) . Comparative biochemistry and physiology , 13 : 107 – 111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Babers , F. H. and Woke , P. A. 1937 . Digestive enzymes in the southern armyworm . Journal of agricultural research , 54 : 547 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Balyan , B. S. 1973 . Hydrogen ion concentration and digestive enzymes in the mature larvae of Gnorimoschema (Phthorimaea) operculella Zeller (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) . Indian journal of entomology , 35 : 206 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Balyan , B. S. 1975 . Studies on the hydrogen-ion concentration and digestive enzymes in the mature larvae and adults of Agrotis ypsilon Rott, and Heliothis armigera Hubn . Indian journal of entomology , 37 : 137 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Bernfield , P. 1955 . Amylases α- and β- , Methods of Enzymology Vol. 1 Edited by: Colowick , S. P. and Kaplan , N. 149 – 190 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bjarnov , N. 1972 . Carbohydrases in Chironomus, Grammaris and some Trichoptera larvae . Oikos , 23 : 261 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton , R. L. , Starks , K. J. and Sauer , J. R. 1977 . Carbohydrate digestion by the larval midgut of Heliothis zea . Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 70 : 477 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , D. J. and Dugdale , J. S. 1982 . Notes on collecting and rearing Micropterix (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae) larvae in England . Entomologist's gazette , 33 : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Chararas , C. and Koutroumpas , A. 1977 . Étude comparée de l'équipement osidasique de 2 Lépidoptères Cossidae xylophages (Cossus cossus L. et Zeuzera pyrina L.) ct de divers Coléoptères xylophages . Comptes rendus hebdomaires des sciences série D. Sciences naturelles , 285 : 369 – 371 .
   Google Scholar
• Chattoraj , A. N. and Mall , S. B. 1969 . Hydrogen ion concentration and digestive enzymes in the mature larvae of Marasmia trapezalis Guen (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) . Indian journal of entomology , 31 : 121 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Cockayne , A. H. 1915 . The subterranean grass-caterpillar . The journal of agriculture , 11 : 13 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Common , I. F. B. 1970 . “ Lepidoptera ” . In The Insects of Australia , Edited by: Waterhouse , D. F. 765 – 866 . Melbourne : Melbourne University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Croizat , L. 1964 . Space, Time Form., The Biological Synthesis Caracas Published by the author
   Google Scholar
• Dey , M. 1978 . Biochemistry of plant galactomannans . Advances in carbohydrate biochemistry , 35 : 341 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Dugdale , J. S. 1975 . “ Forest and pasture moths ” . In New Zealand's Nature Heritage , Edited by: Knox , R. Vol. 4 , 1564 – 1567 . Christchurch : Whitcoulls .
   Google Scholar
• Dixit , A. and Mall , S. B. 1977 . Digestive enzymes of mature larvae of Chilena similis Walker (Lepiodoptera: Lasiocampidae) . Indian journal of entomology , 39 : 319 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Dumbleton , L. J. 1945 . Contribution to the ecology of Oxycanus Walk . The New Zealand journal of science and technology , 27 : 114 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Dumbleton , L. J. 1966 . Genitalia, classification and zoogeography of the New Zealand Hepialidae (Lepidoptera) . New Zealand journal of science , 9 : 920 – 981 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder , R. J. 1970 . A rearing technique for Oncopera brachyphylla Turner and Oncopera mitocera (Turner) . Queensland journal of agricultural and animal sciences , 27 : 401 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Elder , R. J. 1978 . Notes on the biology and descriptions of the life stages of Oncopera parva Tindale (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 17 : 5 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Eschrich , W. 1975 . Sealing systems in phloem . Encyclopaedia of plant physiology , 1 : 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. W. 1941 . Tasmanian grassgrubs . Tasmanian Department of Agriculture bulletin , : 22
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs , G. W. 1979 . Some notes on the biology and status of the Mnesarchaeidae (Lepidoptera) . New Zealand entomologist , 7 : 2 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbertson , R. L. 1984 . “ Relationships between insects and wood-rotting basidiomycetes ” . In Insect-Fungus Relationships , Edited by: Wheeler , Q. and Blackwell , M. 130 – 165 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour , J. W. 1966 . The pathology of forest trees in New Zealand., The fungal, bacterial and algal pathogens , Forest Research Institute technical paper, 48 81
   Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1979 . Larvae of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in decaying wood . New Zealand journal of zoology , 6 : 583 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1981 . Morphological changes in the three-phase development of Aenetus virescens larvae (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) . New Zealand journal of zoology , 8 : 505 – 514 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1982 . Infection of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) by the fungus Beauveria bassiana . New Zealand entomologist , 7 : 327 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1983a . Larval establishment behaviour of the borer Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in live trees . New Zealand entomologist , 7 : 413 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1983b . Record of Wiseana signata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) larvae in sand dunes . New Zealand entomologist , 7 : 417 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1984 . The host range of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) and its evolution . New Zealand entomologist , 8 : 51 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. 1988a . Life cycle of the wood-borer Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) . New Zealand journal of zoology , 14 : 209 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Grehan J. R. , 1988b , Evolution of arboreal tunnelling by larvae of Aenetus (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) ., New Zealand journal of zoology , in press .
   Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. , Moeed , A. and Meads , M. J. 1983 . Observations on Trioxycanus enysii (Butler) (sensu Meyrick, 1980) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) on Kapiti Island, New Zealand, with a description of larval chaetotaxy . New Zealand entomologist , 7 : 408 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. and Wigley , P. J. 1984 . Fungal and bacterial diseases of Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) larvae . New Zealand entomologist , 8 : 61 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grehan , J. R. and Ainsworth , R. 1985 . Orthogenesis and evolution . Systematic zoology , 34 : 174 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Heads , M. J. 1985 . On the nature of ancestors . Systematic zoology , 34 : 205 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt , E. W. 1977 . Some effects of infestation on plants: A physiological viewpoint . New Zealand entomologist , 6 : 235 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Hocking , B. and Depner , K. R. 1961 . Larval nutrition in Agrotis orthogonica (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae): digestive enzymes . Annals of the Entomological Society of America , 54 : 86 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Joubert , P. C. 1975 . The ghost moth (Dalaca rufescens Hampson) in Natal (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) , 130 Pretoria : Department of Agricultural Technical Services . technical communication
   Google Scholar
• Khan , M. R. and Kasting , R. 1969 . Digestive enzymes of sixth-instar larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . Canadian entomologist , 101 : 494 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , M. R. and Bhatti , A. H. 1973 . Digestive enzymes of fifth-instar larvae of the maize borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . Pakistan journal of zoology , 5 : 131 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Kukor , J. J. and Martin , M. M. 1983 . Acquisition of digestive enzymes by siricid woodwasps from their fungal symbiont . Science , 220 : 1161 – 1163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , D. L. , Merritt , R. W. , Martin , M. M. , Martin , J. S. and Kukor , J. J. 1984 . The nutritional ecology of larvae of Alsophila pometaria and Anisota senatoria feeding on early- and late-season oak foliage . Entomologica experimentalis et applicata , 35 : 105 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Madge , P. E. 1954 . A field study on the biology of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia . Australian journal of zoology , 2 : 193 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. 1979 . Biochemical implications of insect mycophagy . Biological reviews , 54 : 1 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. 1984 . “ The role of ingested enzymes in the digestive processes of insects ” . In Invertebrate-Microbial Interactions , Edited by: Anderson , J. M. , Rayner , A. D. M. and Walton , D. W. H. 155 – 172 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Martin , J. S. , Kukor , J. J. and Merritt , R. W. 1980 . The digestion of protein and carbohydrate by the stream detritivore Tipula abdominalis (Diptera, Tipulidae) . Oecologia , 46 : 360 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Kukor , J. J. , Martin , J. S. , Lawson , D. L. and Merritt , R. W. 1981a . Digestive enzymes of larvae of three species of caddisflies (Trichoptera) . Insect biochemistry , 11 : 501 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Martin , J. S. and Kukor , J. J. 1981b . The digestive enzymes of detritus-feeding stonefly nymphs (Plecoptera, Pteronarcyidae) . Canadian journal of zoology , 59 : 1947 – 1951 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Kukor , J. J. , Martin , J. S. , O'Toole , T. E. and Johnson , M. W. 1981c . Digestive enzymes of fungus feeding beetles . Physiological zoology , 54 : 137 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Martyn , E. J. 1960 . The ecology of Oncopera intricata Walker and Oncopera rufobrunnea Tindale (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae) with notes on the classification of the genus Oncopera in relation to larval taxonomy , research bulletin 3 Department of Agriculture Tasmania .
   Google Scholar
• Mathur , L. M. L. 1966 . Studies on the digestive enzymes of noctuid caterpillars feeding on cauliflower . Indian journal of entomology , 28 : 215 – 223 .
   Google Scholar
• Milligan , R. H. 1972 . A review of beech forest pathology . New Zealand journal of forestry , 17 : 201 – 211 .
   Google Scholar
• Milligan , R. H. 1974 . Insects damaging beech (Nothofagus) forests . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society , 21 : 32 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. J. 1975 . A qualitative survey of the carbohydrases of the alimentary tract of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides . Journal of insect physiology , 21 : 1045 – 1053 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. J. 1976 . Gut carbohydrases in locusts and grasshoppers . Acrida , 5 : 45 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Nielson , C. O. 1962 . Carbohydrases in soil and litter invertebrates . Oikos , 13 : 200 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Nielson , C. O. 1963 . Laminarinases in soil and litter invertebrates . Nature , 199 : 1001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Northcote , D. H. 1969 . “ The synthesis and metabolic control of polysaccharides and lignin during the differentiation of plant cells ” . In Essays in Biochemistry , Edited by: Campbell , P. N. and Greville , G. D. 89 – 138 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Northcote , D. H. and Wooding , F. B. P. 1968 . The structure and function of phloem tissue . Science progress , 56 : 35 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Pant , N. C. , Srivastava , P. D. and Gai , S. 1958 . A study on digestion in the larvae of Chilo zonellus Swinhoe . Indian journal of entomology , 20 : 161 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Perrott , D. C. F. 1974 . Porina moth, Wiseana species, life-cycle , New Zealand DSIR Information series 105/1
   Google Scholar
• Powell , J. A. 1980 . Evolution of larval feeding preferences in Microlepidoptera . Annual review of entomology , 25 : 133 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawlins , J. E. 1984 . “ Mycophagy in Lepidoptera ” . In Insect-Fungus Relationships , Edited by: Wheeler , Q. and Blackwell , M. 382 – 423 . New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saxena , P. 1972 . Physiology of digestion in different stages of Polytela gloriosae Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) . Indian journal of entomology , 34 : 228 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Slashchevskii , P. 1929 . Zur biologie von Phassus schamyl Chr . Revue Russe d'entomologie , 23 : 189 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Somadder , K. and Shrivastava , M. 1980 . Digestive enzymes in the gut and salivary gland of the larvae of Chilo auricilius Ddgn . Experientia , 36 : 218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor , R. L. 1964 . Some observations on subterranean grass caterpillars . Proceedings of the 17th New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference , : 145 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Verma , P. S. and Baylan , B. S. 1972 . (Publ. 1973): Hydrogen ion concentration and digestive enzymes in the mature larvae of Platyedra gossypiella (Lepidoptera, Gelechidae) . Indian journal of entomology , 34 : 136 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , C. and Scoble , M. J. 1979 . The Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) of Canada . Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , 107 : 1 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Zagainyi , S. A. and Iurchenko , P. D. 1955 . Phassus schamyl Chz., A pest of grapevine . Vinodelie i Vinogradarstvo , 15 : 25 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , E. C. 1978 . Insects of Hawaii: Microlepidoptera , Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press .
   Google Scholar