A Conversion-Period Cemetery at Woodlands, Adwick-le-Street, South YorkshireFootnote^*

^*With contributions by Kirsten Egging Dinwiddy and Andrew Millard with Geoff Nowell, and illustrations by Rob Goller.

References

• Åberg, G., Fosse, G. and Stray, H. 1998. ‘Man, nutrition and mobility: A comparison of teeth and bone from the Medieval era and the present from Pb and Sr isotopes’, Science of the Total Environment, 224: 109–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, J. C. 1987. Outline of fractures. London: Churchill Livingstone.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, M. 1996. ‘Excavation of a pre-conquest cemetery at Addingham, West Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 40: 151–91.10.1080/00766097.1996.11735600
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, T. and Andrews, J. 1997. ‘The human skeletons’ in Parfitt and Brugmann 1997, 214–39.
   Google Scholar
• Annable, F. K. and Eagles, B. N. 2010. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Blacknall Field, Pewsey, Wiltshire. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Monograph 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bass, W. M. 1987. Human Osteology. Columbia, SC: Missouri Archaeological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A., Bronk Ramsey, C., van der Plicht, J. and Whittle, A. 2007. ‘Bradshaw and Bayes: Towards a timetable for the neolithic’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 17: 1–28.10.1017/S0959774307000145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A. et al. 2013. Anglo-Saxon graves and grave goods of the 6^th and 7^th centuries AD: A chronological framework. London, Society for Medieval Archaeology, Monograph 33.
   Google Scholar
• Bayliss, A., Shepherd Popescu, E., Beavan-Athfield, N., Bronk Ramsey, C., Cook, G. T. and Locker, A. 2004. ‘The potential significance of dietary offsets for the interpretation of radiocarbon dates: An archaeologically significant example from medieval Norwich’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 31: 563–75.10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, A. C. and Berry, R. J. 1967. ‘Epigenetic variation in the human cranium’, Journal of Anatomy, 101(2): 361–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett, D. 1992. ‘Skeletal pathology’, in Sherlock and Welch 1992, 118–19.
   Google Scholar
• Böhner, K. 1958. Die fränkischen Altertümer des Trierer Landes. Germanische Denkmäler der Völkerwanderungszeit, ser B1: 1–2. Mann, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, G. J. 2013. The online isotopes in precipitation calculator, version 2.2. Available at: http://www.waterisotopes.org/ [Accessed 19 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, G. J. and Revenaugh, J. 2003. ‘Interpolating the isotopic composition of modern meteoric precipitation’, Water Resources Research, 39: 1299. doi:10.1029/2003WR002086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle, A., Jennings, D. Miles, D. and Palmer, S. 1998. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Butler’s Field, Lechlade, Gloucestershire. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology for Oxford Archaeological Unit, Thames Valley Landscape Monographs 10.
   Google Scholar
• Boylston, A., Wiggins, R. and Roberts, C. 1998. ‘Human skeletal remains’ in Drinkall and Foreman 2012, 221–36.
   Google Scholar
• Brettell, R., Evans, J., Marzinzik, S., Lamb, A. and Montgomery, J. 2012. ‘“Impious Easterners”: Can oxygen and strontium isotopes serve as indicators of provenance in early medieval European cemetery populations?’ European Journal of Archaeology, 15: 117–45.10.1179/1461957112Y.0000000001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brettell, R., Montgomery, J. and Evans, J. 2012. ‘Brewing and stewing: The effect of culturally mediated behaviour on the oxygen isotope composition of ingested fluids and the implications for human provenance studies’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 27: 778–85.10.1039/c2ja10335d
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickley, M., and McKinley, J. I., eds. 2004. Guidelines to the standards for recording human remains. British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology and Institute for Field Archaeology.
   Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey, C. and Lee, S. 2013. ‘Recent and phased development of the Program OxCal’, Radiocarbon, 55(2–3): 720–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brothwell, D. R. 1972. Digging up bones. London: British Museum (Natural History) London.
   Google Scholar
• Brothwell, D. and Zakrzewski, S. 2004. ‘Metric and non-metric studies of archaeological human remains’ in Brickley and McKinlay 2004, 24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Buckberry, J. 2010. ‘Cemetery diversity in the mid to late Anglo-Saxon period in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire’ in Buckberry and Cherryson 2010, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Buckberry, J. and Cherryson, A., eds. 2010. Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England c. 650−1100 AD. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
   Google Scholar
• Buckland, P. C. and Magilton, J. R. 1986. The archaeology of Doncaster. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Series) 148.
   Google Scholar
• Budd, P. 2004. ‘Combined O- and SR-isotope analysis of dental tissues, 61–63’ in Speed and Walton Rogers 2004, 51–90
   Google Scholar
• Budd, P., Millard, A., Chenery, C., Lucy, S. and Roberts, C. 2004. ‘Investigating population movement by stable isotopes: A report from Britain’, Antiquity, 78: 127–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buikstra, J. E. and Ubelaker, D. H. 1994. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series 44.
   Google Scholar
• Carver, M. O. H., Hills, C. and Scheschkewitz, J., eds. 2009. Wasperton: A Roman, British and Anglo-Saxon community in Central England. Boydell and Brewer.
   Google Scholar
• Chenery, C., Müldner, G., Evans, J., Eckardt, H. and Lewis, M. 2010. ‘Strontium and stable isotope evidence for diet and mobility in Roman Gloucester, UK’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 37: 150–63.10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherryson, A. K. 2008. ‘Normal, deviant and atypical: Burial variation in Late Saxon Wessex, c. AD 700−1100’ in Murphy 2008, 115–30.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, A. M. and Dacre, M. W. 1985. Excavations at Portway, Andover 1973–1975. Oxford University Committee for Archaeology: Monograph No. 4.Oxford University.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, M. and Mays, S., eds. 2000. Human osteology in archaeology and forensic science. London: GMM.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, S. 2010. ‘Differentiation in the later Anglo-Saxon burial ground ritual on the basis of metal or physical impairment: A documentary perspective’ in Buckberry and Cherryson 2010, 93–102.
   Google Scholar
• Darling, W. G. and Talbot, J. C. 2003. ‘The O and H stable isotope composition of freshwaters in the British Isles. 1. Rainfall’, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 7: 163–81.10.5194/hess-7-163-2003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daux, V., Lécuyer, C., Héran, M.-A., Amiot, R., Simon, L., Fourel, F., Martineau, F., Lynnerup, N., Reychler, H. and Escarguel, G. 2008. ‘Oxygen isotope fractionation between human phosphate and water revisited’, Journal of Human Evolution, 55: 1138–47.10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettman, D. L., Kohn, M. J., Quade, J., Ryerson, F. J., Ojha, T. P. and Hamidullah, S. 2001. ‘Seasonal stable isotope evidence for a strong Asian monsoon throughout the past 10.7 m.y.’, Geology, 29: 31–34.10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0031:SSIEFA>2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doornbos, A. M. 2010. Investigating Anglo-Saxon population movement using strontium stable isotope analysis: Sampling tooth enamel from individuals found at Frome View, Bradford Peverell. Unpublished MSc thesis. Bournemouth University.
   Google Scholar
• Drinkall, G. and Foreman, M. 1998. The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Castledyke South, Barton-on-Humber. Sheffield Excavation Reports 6.
   Google Scholar
• Egging Dinwiddy, K. 2012. Human bone publication report: St Mary’s Road, Southampton, Hampshire SOU 1553. Unpublished report for Southampton City Archaeological Service (WA ref. 77700.4).
   Google Scholar
• Egging Dinwiddy, K. (2016). ‘The unburnt human bone’ in Egging Dinwiddy and Stoodley 2016, The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire. Wessex Archaeology Report (Monograph 37).
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. A., Montgomery, J., Wildman, G. and Boulton, N. 2010. ‘Spatial variations in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr in Britain’, Journal of the Geological Society, 167: 1–4.10.1144/0016-76492009-090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evison, V. I. 1987. The Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery. London: Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England Archaeological Report 3.
   Google Scholar
• Evison, V. I. 1988. An Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Alton, Hampshire. Winchester: Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society: Monograph 4.
   Google Scholar
• Farwell, D. E. and Molleson, T. I. 1993. Excavations at Poundbury 1966–80 Vol. II the cemeteries. Chichester, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Soc Monograph 11.
   Google Scholar
• Finnegan, M. 1978. ‘Non-metric variations of the infracranial skeleton’, Journal of Anatomy, 125(1): 23–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. J. V. 1973. The Anglo-Saxon Age c. 400–1042. London: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Fourel, F., Martineau, F., Lécuyer, C., Kupka, H.-J., Lange, L., Ojeimi, C. and Seed, M. 2011. ‘18O/16O ratio measurements of inorganic and organic materials by elemental analysis–pyrolysis–isotope ratio mass spectrometry continuous-flow techniques’, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 25: 2691–96.10.1002/rcm.5056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei, K. M. and Frei, R. 2011. ‘The geographic distribution of strontium isotopes in Danish surface waters — A base for provenance studies in archaeology, hydrology and agriculture’, Applied Geochemistry, 26: 326–40.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaunt, G. D. 1994. Geology of the country around Goole, Doncaster and the Isle of Axholme. Memoir of the British Geological Survey Sheets 79 and 88 (England and Wales). London: HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Geake, H. 1997. The use of grave-goods in Conversion-Period England, c. 600−c. 850. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 261.
   Google Scholar
• Groves, S. E., Roberts, C. A., Lucy, S., Pearson, G., Gröcke, D. R., Nowell, G., Macpherson, C. G. and Young, G. 2013. ‘Mobility histories of 7th–9th century AD people buried at early medieval Bamburgh, Northumberland, England’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 151: 462–76.10.1002/ajpa.22290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley, D. M. 2010. ‘Burying the socially and physically distinctive in later Anglo-Saxon England’ in Buckberry and Cherryson 2010, 103–15.
   Google Scholar
• Härke, H. 1989. ‘Early Anglo-Saxon weapon burials: Frequencies, distributions and weapon combinations’ in Hawkes 1989, 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, M. 1998. ‘The human remains’ in Boyle, Jennings, Miles and Palmer 1998, 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Harman, M., Molleson, T. I. C. and Price, J. P. L. 1981. ‘Burials, bodies and beheadings in Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon cemeteries’, Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Geology), 35(3): 45–88.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkes, S. C., ed. 1989. Weapons and warfare in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 21.
   Google Scholar
• Hillson, S. W. 1986. Teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hines, J. 2013. Re-dating Early England seminar, unpublished paper given at Society of Antiquaries, London.
   Google Scholar
• Hirst, S. M. 1985. An Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery at Sewerby, East Yorkshire. York: York University Archaeological Publication 4.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, S. S., Millard, A. R., Lucy, S. J., Chenery, C. A. Evans, J. A., Nowell, G., and Pearson, D. G. 2014. ‘Anglo-Saxon migration investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, UK’, Journal of Archaeological Science, 42: 81–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasnokutsky, M. V. 2005. ‘The button sequestrum sign’, Radiology, 236: 1026–27.10.1148/radiol.2363031294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lécuyer, C., Grandjean, P., O’Neil, J. R., Cappetta, H. and Martineau, F. 1993. ‘Thermal excursions in the ocean at the cretaceous—tertiary boundary (northern Morocco): δ18O record of phosphatic fish debris’, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 105: 235–43.10.1016/0031-0182(93)90085-W
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. E. 2002. Urbanisation and child health in medieval and post-medieval England: An assessment of the morbidity and mortality of non-adult skeletons from the cemeteries of two urban and two rural sites in England (AD 850−1859). Oxford, British Archaeological Reports (British Series) 339.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. E. 2010. ‘Life and Death in a Civitas Capital: Metabolic Disease and Trauma in the Children from Late Roman Dorchester, Dorset’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 142: 405–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. and Roberts, C. 1997. ‘Growing pains: The interpretation of stress indicators’, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 7: 581–86.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longinelli, A. 1984. ‘Oxygen isotopes in mammal bone phosphate: A new tool for paleohydrological and paleoclimatological research?’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48: 385–90.10.1016/0016-7037(84)90259-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucy, S. 1998. The early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries of East Yorkshire. An analysis and reinterpretation. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports (British Setries) 272.
   Google Scholar
• Lucy, S. 2000. The Anglo-Saxon way of death. Stroud: Sutton.
   Google Scholar
• Marlow, M. 1992. ‘The human remains’ in Sherlock and Welch 1992, 107–18.
   Google Scholar
• Mays, S. and Pinhasi, R., eds. 2008. Human palaeopathology: New directions in diagnosis and interpretation. Chichester.
   Google Scholar
• Marzinzik, S. 2003. Early Anglo-Saxon Belt Buckles (late 5th to early 8th centuries AD) their classification and context. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports (British Series), 357.
   Google Scholar
• McKinley, J. I. 1994. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham Part VIII: The cremations Gressenhall: Norfolk Museums Service 69.
   Google Scholar
• McKinley, J. I. 1996. ‘The human bone’ in Wymer 1996, 76–87.
   Google Scholar
• McKinley, J. I. 2004. ‘Compiling a skeletal inventory: Disarticulated and co-mingled remains’ in Brickley and McKinley 2004, 13–16.
   Google Scholar
• Millard, A. R., Roberts, C. A. and Hughes, S. S. 2005. ‘Isotopic evidence for migration in Medieval England: The potential for tracking the introduction of disease’, Society, Biology and Human Affairs, 70: 9–13.
   Google Scholar
• Molleson, T. I. 1993. ‘The human remains’ in Farwell and Molleson 1993, 142–214.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, J., Evans, J. A., Chenery, C. A. and Müldner, G. 2009. ‘Stable isotope analysis of bone’ in Carver, Hills and Scheschkewitz 2009, 48–49.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, J., Evans, J. A., Powlesland, D. and Roberts, C. A. 2005. ‘Continuity or colonization in Anglo-Saxon England? Isotope evidence for mobility, subsistence practice, and status at West Heslerton’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 126: 123–38.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mook, W. G. 1986. ‘Business Meeting: Recommendations/resolutions adopted by the twelfth international radiocarbon conference’, Radiocarbon, 28: 799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, E. M., ed. 2008. Deviant burial in the archaeological record. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, A. R. 2005. Identifying and scoring periodontal disease in skeletal material. Bradford: Biological Anthropology Research Centre. University of Bradford.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, A. R. 2008. ‘Advances in the palaeopathology of the teeth and jaws’ in Mays and Pinhasi 2008, 283–308.
   Google Scholar
• Osman, A. A. and Govender, S. 1995. ‘Septic sacroilitis’, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 313: 214–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parfitt, K. and Brugmann, B. 1997. The Anglo-Saxon cemetery on Mill Hill, Deal, Kent. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series 14.
   Google Scholar
• Ramlakan, R. J. S. and Govender, S. 2007. ‘Sacroiliac joint tuberculosis’, International Orthopaedics, 31(1): 121–24.10.1007/s00264-006-0132-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I, Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughes, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Nui, M., Reimer, R. W.¸ Scott, E. M.¸ Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M. and van der Plicht, J. 2013. ‘IntCal13 and Marine 13 calibration curve, 0–50,000 years BP’, Radiocarbon, 55(4): 1869–87e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. and Cox, M. 2003. Health and disease in britain from prehistory to the present day. Stroud: Sutton.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. and Manchester, K. 1997. The archaeology of disease. Stroud: Sutton.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, C. A., Millard, A. R., Nowell, G. M., Gröcke, D. R., Macpherson, C. G., Pearson, D. G. and Evans, D. H. 2013. ‘Isotopic tracing of the impact of mobility on infectious disease: The origin of people with treponematosis buried in Hull, England, in the late medieval period’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 150: 273–85.10.1002/ajpa.v150.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J. and Waldron, T. 1995. A field guide to joint disease in archaeology. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Salter, R. B. 1999. Textbook of disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system: An introduction of orthopaedics fractures and joint injuries, rheumatology, metabolic bone disease, and rehabilitation. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Scheuer, L. and Black, S. 2000. Developmental juvenile osteology. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sherlock, S. J. and Welch, M. G. 1992. An Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Norton, Cleveland. London, CBA Research Report 82.
   Google Scholar
• Smits, E., Millard, A. R., Nowell, G. and Pearson, D. G. 2010. ‘Isotopic investigation of diet and residential mobility in the neolithic of the lower rhine basin’, European Journal of Archaeology, 13: 5–31.10.1177/1461957109355040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speed, G. and Walton Rogers, P. 2004. ‘A burial of a Viking woman at Adwick-le-Street, South Yorkshire’, Medieval Archaeology, 48: 51–90.10.1179/007660904225022807
   Google Scholar
• Stenton, M. 2006. Archaeological desk-based assessment: Land at Adwick school, Woodlands, Adwick-le-Street, Doncaster. Sheffield, Unpublished ARCUS report 1063.1.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley, N. 1999. The Spindle and the Spear: A critical enquiry into the construction and the meaning of gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon burial rite. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports (British Series) 288.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley, N. 2012a. ‘Artefacts’ in Stoodley, Boylston, and McKinley 2012, 71–74.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley, N. 2012b. ‘Discussion’ in Stoodley, Boylston, and McKinley 2012, 74–82.
   Google Scholar
• Stoodley, N., Boylston, A. and McKinley, J. I. 2012. ‘An Early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Aldbourne, Wiltshire’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 105: 58–95.
   Google Scholar
• Stuckert, C. 2010. ‘The human remains’ in Annable and Eagles 2010, 111–38.
   Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M. and Reimer, P. J. 1993. ‘Extended 14C data base and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program’, Radiocarbon, 35: 215–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotter, M. and Gleser, G. C. 1952. ‘Estimation of stature from long bones of American Whites and Negroes’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 10(4): 463–514.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotter, M. and Gleser, G. C. 1958. ‘A re-evaluation of estimation of stature based on measurements of stature taken during life and of long bones after death’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16(1): 79–123.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, A. 2000. ‘Skeletal non-metric traits and the assessment of inter- and intra-population diversity: Past problems and future potential’ in Cox and Mays 2000, 289–306.
   Google Scholar
• van Beek, G. C. 1983. Dental morphology: An illustrated guide. Bristol: P. S. G Wright.
   Google Scholar
• Wessex Archaeology. 2011a. North Ridge Community School, Adwick-le-Street, South Yorkshire: Geophysical survey and watching brief. Sheffield, Client Report 77620.01.
   Google Scholar
• Wessex Archaeology. 2011b. Outwood Academy, Adwick-le-Street, South Yorkshire: Interim report for archaeological evaluation. Sheffield, Client Report 77621.04.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, L. E. and Schwarcz, H. P. 1998. ‘Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in human tooth enamel: Identifying breastfeeding and weaning in prehistory’, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 106: 1–18.10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wymer, J. J. 1996. ‘The excavation of a ring ditch at South Acre. Barrow excavations in Norfolk, 1984–88’, East Anglian Archaeology, 77: 58–89.
   Google Scholar