References
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- Smith , Anthony D. 1986 . The Ethnic Origins of Nations , 148 Oxford : Basic Blackwell .
- Geertz , Clifford . 1993 . The Interpretation of Cultures , 238 London : Fontana .
- Geertz . The Interpretation of Cultures 240 244
- Hroch , Miroslav . 1996 . "From National Movement to the Fully-Formed Nation: The Nation-Building Process in Europe" ” . In Mapping the Nation , Edited by: Balakrishnan , Gopal . 145 – 174 . London and New York : Verso .
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- Hrytsak , Yaroslav . 1999 . "Paradoksy Ukrainskoi Modernizatsii" . Krytyka , 25 ( 11 ) : 20 – 22 . On its critique see
- Kohut , Zenon E. 1994 . "History as a Battleground: Russian-Ukrainian Relations and Historical Consciousness in Contemporary Ukraine" ” . In The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia , Edited by: Starr , Frederick S. Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe . See Edward L. Keenan, "On Certain Beliefs and Russian Behaviours"
- Lindheim , Ralph and Luckyi , George S. N. , eds. 1996 . "Theses of the Three-Hundredth Anniversary of the Reunion of Ukraine with Russia" ” . In Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine: An Anthology of Ukrainian Thought from 1710 to 1995 , 303 – 315 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . connection with the 300th anniversary of the Treaty of Pereiaslav in 1654. The English-language translation of the excerpts was published in
- Solchanyk , Roman . 1982 . "Moulding the 'Soviet People': The Role of Ukrainians and Belorussians" . RFE/RL Research Report , 9 November
- Arel , Dominique and Khmelko , Valerii . 1996 . "The Russian Factor and the Territorial Polarisation in Ukraine" . Harriman Review , : 81 – 91 . 66 of ethnic Ukrainians gave Ukrainian as their mother tongue in the 1989 census. However, when the category "language of convenience" was used in surveys, it was found that in eastern and southern Ukraine 81.5 of the population uses Russian as their language of convenience
- Pine , Paul S. 1996 . "National Identity and Politics in Southern and Eastern Ukraine" . Europe-Asia Studies , 48 ( 7 ) : 1079 – 1104 .
- Kuz'menko , V. 1998 . "Spektr Pryniatia Elitoiu RF Nezalezhnykh Rosii i Ukrainy" ” . For an overview of the views of Russian elites on Ukrainian and Russian independence, see the Internet version of Panorama at http://niurr.gov.ua/ukr/publishing/panorama3_4/kuzm_t.htm
- Holovaha , Y. and Panina , N. 1998 . "Tendentsii Rozvytku Ukrainsko-Rosiyskykh Vidnosyn u Hromadskyi Dumtsi Rosii ta Ukrainy" ” . In Russia support for reintegration with Belarus and Ukraine is evenly spread across regions. Ukrainians are the most likely to top the list of people who invoke positive feelings amongst Russian citizens, and the least likely to generate negative sentiments. In Ukraine, however, there are pronounced regional differences. In the Donetsk ablast, 60 of the population supported the unification of Ukraine and Russia into one state, whereas such a proposal obtained only 2 support in L'viv; http://niurr.gov.ua/ukr/zbirka/golovpan.htm
- Holovaha and Panina, "Tendentsii Rozvytku Ukrainsko-Rosiyskykh Vidnosyn u Hromadskyi Dumtsi Rosii ta Ukrainy."
- Laba , Roman . 1995 . "The Russian-Ukrainian Conflict: State, Nation and Identity" . European Security , 4 ( 3 ) : 478
- Wanner , Catherine . 1998 . Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine , 3 – 22 . University Parli , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . chapter 1
- Brubaker , Rogers . 1996 . Nationalism Reframed , 79 103 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Ibid., p. 105.
- Ibid., p. 106.
- Arel's , Dominique . 1995 . "Ukraine: The Temptation of the Nationalising State" ” . In Political Culture and Civil Society in the FSU , Edited by: Tismaneanu , V. Armonk , NY : M. E. Sharpe . The difficulties of applying Brubaker's criteria to individual case studies is reflected in the titles of such studies as
- Brubaker . Nationalism Reframed 103
- Smith , Graham . 1998 . "Post-Colonisalism and Borderland Identities" ” . In Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identity , Edited by: Smith , Graham . 1 – 20 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Hall , Patrick . 1997 . "Nationalism and Historicity" . Nations and Nationalism , 3 ( 1 ) : 3 – 23 .
- Smith , G. "Post-Colonisalism and Borderland Identities" ” . 15
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 16.
- Ibid., p. 13.
- Brubaker . Nationalism Reframed 55 – 76 . chapter 3
- Motyl , Alexander J. 1995 . "The Conceptual President: Leonid Kravchuk and the Politics of Surrealism" ” . In Patterns of Post-Soviet Leadership , Edited by: Colton , Timothy J. and Tucker , Robert C. 103 – 121 . Boulder : Westview Press .
- Isaievych , Laroslav . 1995 . "Ukraine and Russia: The Burden of Historical Tradition and Contemporary Realities" . Journal of Ukrainian Studies , 20 ( 1-2 ) : 6 – 14 . For the "nationalist" Ukrainian historiography, which challenged and struggled for hegemony with "imperial" historiography
- Wilson , Andrew . 1997 . "Myths of National History in Belorus and Ukraine" ” . In Myths and Nationhood , Edited by: Hosking , Geoffrey A. and Schopflin , George . 182 – 197 . London : Hurst .
- Smith , Graham . Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands 23 – 47 . chapter 2
- Mace , J. E. 1984 . "Famine and Nationalism in Soviet Ukraine" . Problems of Communism , 33 ( 3 ) : 37 – 50 . It is estimated that as a result of the famine in Ukraine in the 1930s several million people died. See, for example
- 1991 . Biuletyn Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy , : 55
- 1996 . Biuletyn Instytutu Demokratii Imeni Pylypa Orlyka , In this context, the term "indigenous" is applied to ethnic groups whose "ethnogenesis" took place on the territory of Ukraine. Apart from Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars, Karaims and Krymchaky were included in this category. Other ethnic groups were merely minorities, since their ethnic homelands were in other states. On the case of Crimean Tatars as indigenous people
- 1993 . Biuletyn Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy , For Kuchma's pro-Russian speeches when he was still prime minister
- 1994 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 21 July Kuchma's inaugural speech was published in
- Ibid.
- 1995 . Holes Ukrainy , 28 September Kuchma's speech commemorating the fifth anniversary of Ukrainian independence
- 1996 . Holos Ukrainy , 4 April This point was also made in the annual address of the president to parliament on 2 April 1996, the text of which was published in
- Wolczuk , Kataryna . 1998 . "Constituting Statehood: The New Ukrainian Constitution" . Ukrainian Review , 45 ( 3 ) : 17 – 38 .
- Jackson , Louise and Wolczuk , Kataryna . "Defining Citizenship and Political Community in Ukraine" . Ukrainian Review , 44 ( 2 ) 16 – 27 . 1997
- Tkachenko , Vasyl and Holovatiuk , Vasyl . 1996 . "Vid Natsionalnoho Romantyzmu Do Natsionalnoi Derzhavnosti" . Demokratychna Ukraina , 30 January
- Hrytsak , Yaroslav . 1996 . "Reabilitatsia Hrushevskoho I Legitimatsia Nomenklatury" . Den' , 29 October On the elite's newly found enthusiasm for Hrushevskyi
- 1996 . Holos Ukrainy , 28 August Kuchma's speech on the fifth anniversary of Ukraine's independence
- 1995 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 23 December Kuchma's speech was published in
- 1995 . Holos Ukrainy , 22 December
- 1996 . "At the centre of European continent, as a result of the third great attempt, a country was created, which in terms of its territory and the size of its population is comparable to France and Italy." . Uriadovyi Kurier , 19 September Volodymyr Horbulin, the head of the National Security and Defence Council told the American senators in 1996
- Ibid.
- Ibid. The Cossack period was defined as a high point not only in reconstituting statehood but also in legal and military achievements. Parallels were drawn with England in terms of constitutional traditions, exemplified by the constitution of Pylyp Orlyk of 1710, and the Cossack army, which matched European standards.
- Kurczewska . 1995 . "Ideologie Narodowe--Stare I Nowe Wzorce" ” . In Nacjonalism, Konflikty Narodowsciowe w Europie Srodkowej I Wschodniej , Edited by: Henarski , S. 26 City : Torun .
- 1995 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 23 December
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- 1998 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 3 November Kuchma's speech at the celebrations to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the ZUNR in L'viv was published in
- Marchuk , Yevhen . 1998 . "Siohodni Symfolom Ukrainskoi Natsionalnoi Ideii Maie Buty Ne Bulava, ale Kompiuter" . Den' , 31 January
- Hrabovskyi , Serhiy . 1999 . "Ukraina Nasha Sovkova" . Krytyka , 3 ( 23 ) : 6
- 1992 . Holos Ukrcdny , 29 April
- Kremen' , Vasyl . 1997 . "Znamerrii Vikhy Ukrainskoi Revolutsii" . Uriadovyi Kurier , 1 November
- Ibid.
- Kremen' , Vasyl . 1998 . "Ukraina-Evropeizatsia chy Retrochtorianstvo" . Uriadovyi Kurier , 14 May
- Ibid.
- Kulyk , Volodymyr . 1999 . Ukrainskyi Natsionalism v Nezalezhni Ukrainii , 47 – 49 . Kiev : Centre for Research on National Security at the National University "Kyivo-Mohylansta Akademie" . Also, the informal process of devolution of the cultural and language policies to the regions reduced the tensions surrounding the historical-ideological parameters of the state and the status of the Russian language
- Kremen' , Vasyl . 1998 . "Ukraine-Shlakh to Sebe" . Uriadovyi Kurier , 28 March Parts of that article were also published in
- 1999 . Polityka i Chas , : 29 – 35 .
- Kremen' , Vasyl and Tkachenko , Vasyl . 1998 . Ukraina: Shlakh Do Sebe , 35 Kiev : Druk .
- 1995 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 23 December
- Ibid.
- Kremen' . Ukraina-Shlakh Do Sebe 6
- Kremen' . "Znamerrii Vikhy Ukrainskoi Revolutsii" ” . 5
- Ibid.
- von Hagen , Mark . 1995 . "Does Ukraine Have a History?" . Slavic Review , 54 ( 3 ) : 658 – 673 .
- Szporluk , Roman . 1998 . "Nationalism after Communism: Reflections on Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Poland" . Nations and Nationalism , 4 ( 3 ) : 314 As Szporluk pointed out, "Modern nationalism speaks the language of particularism but practices universal engagement: it measures its own performance according to universal values and standards, it looks up to those who are the most advanced."
- Finlayson , Alan . 1998 . "Ideology, Discourse and Nationalism" . Journal of Political Ideologies , 3 ( 1 ) : 99 – 118 . On particularism and universalism in the ideology of nationalism, see also
- Marchuk , Yevhen . 1998 . "Siohodni Symfolom Ukrainskoi Natsionalnoi Ideii Maie Buty Ne Bulava, ale Kompiuter" . Den' , 31 January
- Ibid.
- 1999 . Holos Ukrainy , 26 August Kuchma's speech on the eighth anniversary of Ukraine's independence
- Lindheim and Luckyi , eds. Towards an Intellectual History of Ukraine 267 – 277 . Mykola Khvylovyi was a prominent member of the literati circles in Ukraine in the 1920s, and believed in the cultural superiority of Western Europe vis-à-vis Russia. See excerpts from Khvylovyi's pamphlets in
- Kremen' . "Ukraina--Evropeizatsia chy Retrochtorianstvo" ” . 17
- Kremen' . Ukraine--Shlakh Do Sebe 6
- Ibid.
- Kremen' , Vasyl . 1999 . "Na Terezakh Globalismu" . Polityka I Chas , : 56
- Marchuk , Yevhen . "Siohodni Symfolom …" ” . 4
- Vydryn , Dmytro and Tabachnyk , Dmytro . 1996 . Ukraina na porozi XXI stolittia , Kiev : Lybid .
- Hryniov , Volodymyr . 1995 . Nova Ukraina: Yakoiu II Bachu , Kiev : Abrys .
- Chornovil , Viacheslav . 1996 . "Natsionalna Inteligentsia i Ukrainska Polityka" . Slovo I Chas , : 24 – 27 . On the national democrats' critique of the books
- Wolczuk , Roman . 1997 . "Ukraine and Europe: Relations since Independence" . Ukrainian Review , 44 ( 1 ) : 38 – 53 . For details on Ukraine's membership of some of the subregional institutions
- Cooper , Robert . 1999 . "The Meaning of 1989" . Prospect , December : 29 As has been pointed out "Europe is now defined by the membership of different clubs. Today you are what you belong to. We're no longer governed by history or geography, but by institutions."
- Wilson , Andrew . "National History and National Identity in Ukraine and Belarus" ” . In Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands Edited by: Smith , Graham . 34 As Wilson put it, "plugging in the gaps" is the major task of Ukrainian nationalist historians
- 1995 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 23 December
- 1995 . Holos Ukrainy , 28 September
- 1995 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 23 December
- Kremen' . "Ukraine--Evropeizatsia chy Retrochtorianstvo" ” . 17
- 1994 . Holos Ukrainy , 16 September An article by the Rukh member and head of the parliamentary commission on culture and spirituality Mykhailo Kosiv, published in
- Trubushnyi , Oleksandr . 1997 . "Movna Polityka v Ukraini: Problemy i Priorytety" . Viche , 7 ( 66 ) : 100
- 1996 . Vechirnyi Kyiv , 15 March
- Kravchenko , Valeriy . 1996 . "Ne Mahiya Sliv a Vse-Taki Vidrodzhenia" . Viche , 6 ( 51 ) : 68 – 79 . For a view on the role the state ought to play in the process of national revival
- 1996 . Ukraina Moloda , 12 July One of the initiatives to put pressure on the government to support the Ukrainian language and culture was the National Congress of Ukrainian Intelligentsia, which was convened in Kiev in November 1995. The cultural elites gathered to protest at the continued discrimination against Ukrainian culture and language. Resorting to highly emotional rhetoric, the Congress pointed out that the status of the Ukrainian language was not only inferior to that of Russian, but was actually deteriorating, as the number of Ukrainian-language schools, nurseries, and publications had declined or stagnated since 1991. See the address of the leader of the First Congress of Ukrainian Intelligentsia to the president of Ukraine in
- 1997 . Vechirnyi Kyiv , 2 September On the Second Congress, see
- Matvieenko , Anatoliy . 1996 . "My Stoimo na Hrunti Ukrainstva" . Uriadovyi Kurier , 21 February For example, Anatoliy Matvieenko, leader of the National Democratic Party of Ukraine, in an article "We Stand on the Ground of Ukrainiaimess [Ukrainstvo]" did not refer to the ethnocultural meaning of "Ukraininness" and instead focused exclusively on the economic issues
- Marchuk . "Siohodni Symfolom …" ” . 4
- 1998 . Uriadovyi Kurier , 3 November
- 1995 . Holos Ukrainy , 25 August Kuchma's speech commemorating the fourth anniversary of Ukraine's independence (in Kiev)
- 1996 . Holos Ukrainy , 4 April Kuchma's annual address to parliament
- 1996 . Holos Ukrainy , 28 August
- Teleshun , Serhiy . 1996 . "Ekonomichnyi Pragmatyzm Yak Czynnyk Ukrainskoi Ideii" . Uriadovyi Kurier , 13 January Interview with
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