Muslim identity in the Balkans before the establishment of nation states

References

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• Ibid., pp. 86-87.
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• Ibid., p. 69.
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• Todorova , Maria . 1996 . "The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans" ” . In Imperial Legacy. The Ottoman Imprint on the Balkans and the Middle East , Edited by: Brown , L. Carl . 49 – 50 . New York : Columbia University Press . The term "voluntary" is not to claim that the population decided to convert purely for their own advantage. The situation was frequently such that the population had only little reason to remain Christian, in the light of economic, social, and spiritual hardship
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• Härtet , Hans-Joachim . 1993 . "Die muslimische Minorität in Bulgarien" ” . In Der ruhelose Balkan , Edited by: Weithmann , Michael . 209 Munich : DTV .
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• Ibid., pp. 50-51.
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• Veinstein . "Les provinces balkaniques (1606-1774)" ” . 315 – 321 . On the role of the Balkan Christian populations in the wars between European powers and the Ottoman Empire, see
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• Andrié . The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia 19
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• Majer . "Gesellschaftliche und religöse Auswirkungen der Osmanenzeit in Südosteuropa" ” . 119
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• Ibid., p. 129.
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• Sugar . Southeastern Europe 55
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• Arnakis . “ 'The Role of Religion in the Development of Balkan Nationalism" ” . 124
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• Baue . "Der Islam und seine geschichtliche Bedeutung für Südosteuropa" ” . 73
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• Ibid.
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• Arnakis . “ 'The Role of Religion in the Development of Balkan Nationalism" ” . 121 Arnakis points to the lack of empirical evidence of a link between conversion and devsMrme. He notes, however, that large-scale conversions took place in rural areas, since the urban commercial centers, where few conversions took place, were mostly exempted from the child levy. Large rural areas were also not affected and an explanation of the difference between urban and rural conversion would necessitate taking into account a multitude of factors, well beyond the devshirme (i.e. ethnic composition, penetration of Christian churches, role of folk churches)
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• Andric . The Development of Spiritual Life in Bosnia 20 – 21 .
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• Baue . "Der Islam und seine geschichtliche Bedeutung für Südosteuropa" ” . 73
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• Arnakis . "The Role of Religion in the Development of Balkan Nationalism" ” . 123 Ibid. George G. Arnakis on the other hand concludes that these cases of cross-religious cooperation of children divided through the devshirme are rare. The Sokolovici are for him the exception rather than the rule
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• Ibid., p. 116.
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• Todorova . "The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans" ” . 46
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