The muslim experience in the Balkan states, 1919‐1991

References

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• Poulton , H. 1993 . The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict , London : MRG . Vlachs were prominently pastoral peoples living south of the Danube who practised transhumance and spoke a form of Romanian. While some were Islamicised, most remained Orthodox. Many were prominent supporters of Hellenism. They remain especially evident in the Pindus mountains in Greece and in southern Albania
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid. p. 140.
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• Ibid. pp. 57.
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• Poulton , H. Who Are the Macedonians? 22 – 23 . The same applied in the case of Jewish minorities; many of the Jews in the Balkans had fled to the Ottoman Empire from persecution by intolerant regimes in western Europe. While Jews had lived in the Balkans since antiquity, Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews fleeing persecution in central and western Europe fled to the Balkans even before the Ottoman period. These new arrivals tended to overwhelm the ancient original Jewish population, but were in turn overwhelmed after 1492 by Ladino-speaking Jews expelled from Spain, who made Salonika the spiritual and economic metropolis of the Jews in southeastern Europe
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• Poulton , H. 1997 . "Changing notions of National Identity among Muslims in Thrace and Macedonia: Turks, Pomaks and Roma" ” . In Muslim Identity and the Balkan State , Edited by: Poulton , H. and Taji-Farouki , S. London : Hurst . On the Pomaks of Bulgaria see Yulian Konstantinov, "Strategies for Sustaining a Vulnerable Identity: The Case of the Bulgarian Pomaks," and on the pressures on the smaller Islamic groups, like the Pomaks of Greece, the Muslim Roma, and non-Albanian Muslim groups in Macedonia to assimilate into larger cohabiting Muslim groups see
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• Poulton , H. and Vickers , M. 1997 . "The Kosovo Albanians: Ethnic Confrontation with the Slav State" ” . In Muslim Identity and the Balkan State , Edited by: Poulton , H. and Taji-Farouki , S. London : Hurst .
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• Their relationship with the new Macedonian state, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), itself based on the relatively new concept of a separate Macedonian nation fostered by the Tito regime, is explored in H. Poulton, Who Are the Macedonians?, Chapters 7 and 9.
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• Duijzings , Ger . Religion and the Politics of Identity in the Western Balkans: The Case of Kosovo , London : Hurst . Sheikh Xemali of the Rifai tarikat in Prizren has been a key figure in this. See; forthcoming).
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• Poulton , H. Who Are the Macedonians? 187
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• Smith , Anthony . 1971 . Theories of Nationalism , London : Duckworth . Likewise France, which represents the classic model of "territorial" or "civic" nationalism as opposed to the German "ethnic" model
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• Poulton , H. Who Are the Macedonians? 165 – 171 .
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