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Nationalities Papers
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Volume 28, 2000 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Gender, memory, and national myths: Ol'ga berggol'ts and the siege of leningrad

Pages 551-564 | Published online: 19 Aug 2010

References

  • Tumarkin , Nina . 1994 . The Living and the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia , 188 New York : Basic Books .
  • Rousso , Henry . 1991 . The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944, translated by Arthur Goldhammer , 11 297 – 304 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • Winter , Jay . 1995 . Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Confine , Alon . 1997 . "Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method" . American Historical Review , 102 ( 4 ) December : 1394 1402
  • Tumarkin . The Living and the Dead 168 Mikhail Gefter quoted in
  • Watson , Rubie S. , ed. 1994 . "representing the past in societies where history writing has been the prerogative of a single-party state and its agents," "Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism: An Introduction" ” . In Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism , 1 – 5 . Santa Fe : School of American Research Press . See also Rubie Watson's discussion of
  • Ignatieff , Michael . 1984 . "Soviet War Memorials" . History Workshop , 17 ( 3 ) : 157 – 163 .
  • Turmarkin . The Living and the Dead 101 125 – 146 .
  • Lane , Christel . 1981 . The Rites of Rulers: Ritual in Industrial Society-The Soviet Case , 147 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Tumarkin . The Living and the Dead 142
  • Lass , Andrew . "From Memory to History: The Events of November 17 Dis/membered" ” . In Memory, History, and Opposition 97
  • Schwarcz , Vera . "Strangers No More: Personal Memory in the Interstices of Public Commemorations" ” . In Memory, History, and Opposition 45 – 64 .
  • Watson , Rubie . "Making Secret Histories: Memory and Mourning in Post-Mao China" ” . 65 – 85 . Ibid.
  • Salisbury , Harrison E. 1969 . The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad , 514 – 518 . New York : Harper & Row . For a discussion of various estimates of total deaths and the Soviet government's reasons for minimizing the figures, see; Salisbury concludes that "A total for Leningrad and vicinity of something over 1,000,000 deaths attributable to hunger, and an over-all total of deaths, civilian and military, on the order of 1,300,000 to 1,500,000, seems reasonable," p. 516.
  • Bubis , Edward and Ruble , Blair A. 1985 . "The Impact of World War II on Leningrad" ” . In The Impact of World War II on the Soviet Union , Edited by: Linz , Susan J. 191 Totowa , NJ : Rowman & Littlefield .
  • Ginzburg , Lydia . 1995 . Blockade Diary , Edited by: Myers , Alan . 39 – 43 . London : Harvill Press .
  • Nora , Pierre . 1996 . "General Introduction: Between Memory and History" ” . In Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past , Edited by: Kritzman , Lawrence D. and Goldhammer , Arthur . Vol. 1 , 18 New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Karatygina , V. A. 1964 . ' "Leningrad v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine' (Kollektsia Publichnoi biblioteki)" . Trudy Gosudarsvennoi-Publichnoi Biblioteki imeni M. E. Saltykova-Shchedrina , 12 : 253 – 262 . The collection "Leningrad v Velikoi Otechestveimoi voine" is currently held at the branch of the Russian National Library located on the Fontanka in St. Petersburg. Matchbook covers and other labels were collected in an album, Etiketi: kollektsiia Leningrad v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine, 1941-1944 gg. V. A. Karatygina, "Rabota gosudarstvennoi Publichnoi Biblioteki nad Kollektsiei i Bibliografiei 'Leningrad v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine,'" Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Natsional'noi Biblioteki (Arkh. RNB), f. 12, T. 517/a.
  • 1971 . Leningrad v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine: Katalog izdanii, khraniashchikhsia v fondakh Gosudarstvennoi Publichnoi biblioteki, vyp. 1, Knigi i broshiury Leningrad vyp. 2
  • 1972 . Listovki, plakaty, otkrytki, al'bomy Leningrad
  • Vishnevskii , Ven . 1943 . ' "Boevoi karandash': Na vystavke leningradskikh khudozhnikov" . Trud , 13 October : 4
  • Politicheskoe upravienne leningradskogo fronta . 1943 . Pervaia vystavka khudozhnikov-frontovikov: katalog , 6 – 8 . Leningrad : Voennoe izdatel' stvo narodnogo komissariata obrony . and reproductions following 47
  • Saianov , V. 1943 . "Na vystavke khudozhnikov-frontovikov" . Leningradskaia Pravda , 1 June : 4
  • Volkov , Solomon . 1997 . St. Petersburg: A Cultural History , 425 – 436 . New York : Free Press . Apparently already in the planning stages before the German invasion, Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony was written in part in besieged Leningrad
  • Bogdanov-Berezovskii , V. 1942 . "Triumf antifashistskoi simfonii" . Zvezda , : 201 – 205 . quotations, pp. 433, 429)
  • Hodgson , Katharine . 1993 . "The Other Veterans: Soviet Women's Poetry of World War 2" ” . In World War 2 and the Soviet People , Edited by: Garrard , John and Garrard , Carol . 85 New York : St. Martin's Press .
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1961 . "Govorit Leningrad" ” . In Stikhi--proza 377 Moscow--Leningrad
  • Ginzburg . Blockade Diary 31
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1990 . "Iz dnevnikov" . Zvezda , : 190
  • Hodgson . "The Other Veterans" ” . 88 – 89 . "To a Leningrad Woman," quoted in
  • Kovarskii , N. 1943 . "Dukh muzhestvo: O fil'me 'Nepobedimye," ' . Literatura i isskustvo , 30 January : 2 S. Gerasimov and M. Kalatozov directed a scenario by M. Bleiman. B. Babochkin played the lead role
  • 1942 . ' "Leningrad v bor'be': Novyi dokumental'nyi fil'm leningradskoi studii kinokhrorriki" . Literatura i iskusstvo , 11 July : 1 A documentary film released in 1942, "Leningrad v bor'be" (Leningrad in Battle), emphasized the heroism of civilians who continued to work in war industry despite German shelling. It also documented the activities of the army, navy, and partisan units in the Leningrad district
  • Lesiuchevskii , N. 1942 . "Leningrad v bor'be," . Zvezda , : 198 – 200 .
  • Dymshits , A. 1942 . "Fil'm, zovyshchii k bor'be i pobede (O dokumental'nom kinofil'me 'Leningrad v bor'be')" . Propaganda i agitatsiia , : 15 – 18 .
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1961 . "Dnevnye zvezdy" ” . In Stikhi, proza , 106 Moscow--Leningrad : Gopsudarstvennoe izdatel' stvo khudozhesvennoi literatury .
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1988 . "Avtobiografiia" ” . In Sobranie sochinenii v trekh tomakh , Vol. 3 , 487 – 488 . Leningrad : Khudozhestvennaia literature . See also the diary entry for 15 July 1939 quoted in
  • Berggol'ts , M. F. 1990 . 'Ob etikh tetradiakh" . Zvezda , : 180 The entry puts the number of days in prison at 171, from 13 December 1938 to 3 July 1939
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1990 . "Iz dnevnikov" . Zvezda , : 183 (26 March 1941). Ellipses in original
  • Berggol'ts . "Avtobiografiia" ” . Vol. 3 , 487 – 488 .
  • Pavlovskii , A. "Ol'ga Berggol'ts" . Sobranie sochinenii , 14
  • Berggol'ts . "Avtobiografiia" ” . Vol. 3 , 489 – 490 .
  • "Popytka avotbiografii" ” . Vol. 1 , 42 – 43 .
  • Berggol'ts . Dnevnye zvezdy 31
  • Ibid., pp. 16-19.
  • Ibid., p. 95.
  • Ibid., p. 148.
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . 1999 . "Fevral'skii dnevnik" ” . In Proshlogo-net! Stikhi, poemy, iz rabochikh tetradei , 48 Moscow : Russkaia kniga .
  • Berggol'ts . "Fevral'skii dnevnik" ” . Vol. VI , 48 – 49 .
  • Pasternak , Boris . 1958 . Doctor Zhivago Edited by: Hayward , Max and Harari , Manya . 507 New York
  • Leningrad v blokade, 1941-1944 [handmade album] (Leningrad, 1946), RNB, JI33646.
  • Koroleva , A. A. 1996 . "Blokadnoe bratstvo pod grokhom bomb i snariadov" ” . In Universität v blokadnom i osazhdennom Leningrade, 1941-1944: Sbornik ofitsial'nykh dokumentov, pisem, fotografii i drugogo fakticheskogo materiala , 73 St. Petersburg : Too "Gippokrat" .
  • Golovan' (Liubomirova) , K. I. "Nam ne zabyt' surovye gody fashistskoi voiny" ” . In Universitet 125 Further examples of the use of poetry to structure and reinforce memory can be found in E. P. Subbotina's introduction to the collection, pp. 12-37, and in a large number of the reminiscences
  • Levinson , E. 1970 . "Piskarevskoe memorial'nyi ansambl'" . Savetskaia arkhitektura , : 148 Levinson notes that the memorial to the heroes of the October Revolution on Mars Field in Leningrad served as his model
  • Petrov , G. F. 1980 . Piskarevskoe kladbishche 13 – 14 . Leningrad Memorial cemeteries were also planned for other sites of mass graves around the city
  • Rusakov , M. E. 1946 . "Proekty pamiatnikov na serafimovskom kladbishche" . Arkhitektura i stroitel'stvo Leningrada, November , : 40 – 41 . On proposed monuments "to the heroic defenders of Leningrad"
  • D. A. 1944 . "Monumenty geroiam velikoi otechestvennoi voiny: zametki o konkurse" . Arkhitektura SSSR , 5 : 6 – 7 .
  • Salisbury . The 900 Days 571 – 583 . On the Leningrad Affair
  • 1998 . Muzei oborony i blokady Leningrada , 8 – 12 . St. Petersburg : Agat . The "affair" also marked the end of active work on the Public Library's siege collection as well as the museum that had grown out of the wartime exhibition on the "heroic defense of Leningrad." Gosudarstvennyi memorial'nyi muzei oborony i blokady Leningrada; V. A. Karatygina, lichnoe delo, Arkh. RNB f 10/1 (1966), 7ob. No guides to the library's "Leningrad in the Great Patriotic War" collection were published between 1949 and 1971.
  • Petrov . Piskarevskoe kladbishche 19 – 20 .
  • Levinson , E. A. and Vasil'ev , A. V. 1957 . "Pamiatnik na Piskarevskom kladbishche" . Arkhitektura i stroitel'stvo Leningrada , : 51 – 52 .
  • Dudin , Mikhail . 1960 . "Pamiat' pobedy" . Leningradskaia pravda , 10 May : 3 Z. Ustinova, "Vy zhivy v nashikh serdtsakh," in Ibid
  • Ketlinskaia , Vera . 1944 . "Skul'ptor Isaeva" ” . In Zhenshchiny goroda Lenina: Rasskazy i ocherki o zhenshchinakh Leningrada dni blokady , 102 Leningrad : Lenizdat . The area of the mass graves is 300 meters long and 75 meters wide. Petrov, Piskarevskoe kladbishche, p. 24. Isaeva, like Berggol'ts, was a survivor of the siege. She had been in Moscow when the war broke out, but returned to Leningrad, where she worked throughout the siege
  • Levinson . "Piskarevskoe memorial'nyi ansambl'" ” . 150
  • Berggol'ts , Ol'ga . "Tekst, sozdannyi dlia memorial'nogo ansamblia Piskarevskogo Kladbishcha" ” . In Proshlogo-net! 139
  • Tumarkin . The Living and the Dead 134 – 135 . Ignatieff argues that Soviet memorials "perform a ritual of forgetting: they make it possible for some at least to forget that… there was a way to mobilize a country for war which did not require it to be dragged through the horror and dishonor of fratricide and police terror," "Soviet War Memorials," p. 160
  • Levinson , E. 1970 . "Piskarevskii memorial'nyi ansambl'" . Savetskaia arkhitektura , : 148 Levinson sets the date of the visit at the end of 1948. Berggol'ts's account mentions the already-completed "Motherland" statue, suggesting a visit in late 1959. She does not mention the earlier visit
  • Berggol'ts . "Popytka avtobiografii" ” . 44
  • Ignatieff . "Soviet War Memorials" ” . 159 – 160 .
  • Tumarkin . The Living and the Dead 31 – 32 .
  • Tumarkin explains the emergence of the full-blown war cult as the result of Soviet leaders' search for a national myth that could mobilize, inspire, or at least shame "increasingly disaffected, alienated, and alcohol-prone youth," The Living and the Dead, p. 130.
  • Golikov , Viktor , ed. 1980 . Podvig naroda: pamiatniki Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny, 1941-1945 , 110 – 112 . Moscow : Izdatel' stvo politicheskoi literatury .
  • Hodgson . "The Other Veterans" ” . 90 – 91 .

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