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Nationalities Papers
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Volume 29, 2001 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

On the borders of the nation: Jews and the German‐Polish national conflict in Poznania, 1886‐1914

Pages 459-475 | Published online: 19 Aug 2010

References

  • Chickering , Roger . 1984 . We Men Who Feel Most German: A Cultural Study of the PanGerman League 1886-1914 , Boston : Alien & Unwin .
  • Grabowski , Sabine . 1998 . Deutscher und polnischer Nationalismus: Der deutsche Ostmarken-Verein und die polnische Straz 1894-1914 , Marburg : Verlag Herder-Institut .
  • Galos , Adam . 1966 . FelixHeinrich Gentzen, and Witold Jakobczyk, Die Hakatisten: Der Deutsche Ostmarkenverein (1894-1934). Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Ostpolitik des deutschen Imperialismus , East Berlin : Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften .
  • Eley , Geoff . 1991 . Reshaping the German Right: Radical Nationalism and Political Change after Bismarck , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
  • Cohen , Gary B. 1981 . The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914 , 177 Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . My argument here is similar to that of Gary Cohen in his studies of German and Jewish life in Prague in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: "As small minorities in Prague, the liberal, middle-class German Christians and German Jews needed each other too much to permit any religious or racial rift. Some Christian members of the liberal community doubtlessly harbored traditional prejudices against Jews, and the German Jews remained highly sensitive to any action or gesture they considered antisemitic. Yet throughout this period, the German liberal leaders in the Bohemian capital refused to tolerate any public expression within the community of either the traditional or new, political antisemitism."
  • Cohen , Gary B. 1977 . "Jews in German Society: Prague, 1860-1914" . Central European History , X ( 1 ) : 28 – 54 .
  • "Demographic Movements in the Province of Poznah, 1815-1914" . Germans, Poles, and Jews , 323 – 26 . For good discussions of demographic trends in Poznania and their interpretation by historians, see Hagen's appendix
  • Kedelski , Mieczys/aw . 1994 . "Stosunki ludnosciowe w latach 1815-1918" ” . In Dzieje Poznania. Tom II: 1793-1918 , Edited by: Topolski , Jerzy and Trzeciakowski , Lech . 221 – 70 . Warsaw/Poznah : Wydawnictwo Naukowe .
  • Trzeciakowski , Lech . 1990 . The Kulturkampf in Prussian Poland , New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Trzeciakowski , Lech . 1967 . "The Prussian State and the Catholic Church in Prussian Poland 1871-1914" . Slavic Review , 26 ( 4 ) : 618 – 37 . Jakobczyk, Studio nod dziejami Wielkopolski w XIX w.; and Hagen, "National Solidarity and Organic Work in Prussian Poland, 1815-1914."
  • See APP, Towarzystwo "Straz," Nos 27a, 28, 28a, 29, 30, and 31, membership lists. Cf. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 2, Vol. I, Bl. 30-80, meeting of the general committee in August 1906 (M), and Trzeciakowski, "The Prussian State and the Catholic Church in Prussian Poland 1871-1914."
  • 1894 . Satzungen des Vereins zur Förderung des Deutschtums in den Ostmarken Posen For the German Eastern Marches Society, see the;and GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 34, Bd. 1, B1. 1-2, Satzungen der Berliner Ortsgruppe des Deutschen Ostmarkenvereins (M). For the Pan-German League, see BA Berlin, R8048, Alldeutscher Verband, No. 1, Bl. 44, Satzungen des Allgemeinen Deutschen Verbandes; and No. 4, Satzungen des Alldeutschen Verbandes (1897-1935)
  • Cohen . 1996 . The Politics of Ethnic Survival, and Pieter M. Judson, Exclusive Revolutionaries: Liberal Politics, Social Experience, and National Identity in the Austrian Empire, 1848-1914 , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . See GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 61, Vol. I, Müller, as quoted in the Königshütte Tageblatt (20 October 1908) article about the Deutscher Abend in Bismarckhtttte (M). Such membership requirements-or lack thereof-was also the case for German associations in the Habsburg Empire
  • 1997 . Die Posener Juden 1815-1848: Entwicklungsprozesse einer polnischen Judenheil unter preußischer Herrschaft , Hamburg : Dölling und Galitz Verlag . Many Poznanian Jews had originally migrated to the province from the various German states. Regardless of their origins, however, Poznanian Jews had lived for centuries under Polish rule. Sophia Kemlein describes the transformation of Poznanian Jewry from a Polish Jewry into a German Jewry in
  • Kemlein , Sophia , ed. 1997 . Postkarten erzählen Geschichte: Die Stadt Posen 18961918/Pocztowki opowiadajq histori: Miasto Poznan 1896-1918 , Lüneburg : Institut Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk .
  • Levy , Alphonse . 1901 . "Die Juden im preuischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 105 Im deutschen Reich was the official organ of the Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens. It was published in Berlin
  • 1976 . Histories of German Zionism, such as Stephen M. Poppet's Zionism in Germany 1897-1933 , Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America . For a (brief) discussion of Zionism in Poznania, see Hagen, Germans, Poles, and Jews
  • 1975 . Jehuda Reinharz's Fatherland or Promised Land: The Dilemma of the German Jew, 1893-1914 , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . have largely ignored the eastern provinces, an indication that Zionism was relatively weak and underdeveloped in Poznania
  • Till von Rahden's study of Jews in Breslau . 2000 . Juden and andere Breslauer: Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden, Protestanten und Katholiken in einer deutschen Großstadt von 1860 bis 1925 , Gttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . especially his discussion of David Sorkin's notion of a Jewish "subculture," p. 19ff. Cf.
  • Sorkin , David . 1987 . The Transformation of German Jewry 1780-1840 , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • van Rahden , Till . 1966 . Juden und andere Breslauer and Jacob Toury, Die politischen Orientierungen der Juden in Deutschland , Tübingen : Mohr . See Hagen, Germans, Poles, and Jews, p. 288ff. Cf
  • Lamberti , Marjorie . 1978 . Jewish Activism in Imperial Germany: The Struggle for Civic Equality , New Haven : Yale University Press .
  • Schorsch , Ismar . 1972 . Jewish Reactions to German Anti-Semitism, 1870-1914 , New York : Columbia University Press . Reinharz, op. cit.; and
  • 1908 . Im deutschen Reich , : 174
  • 1900 . Im deutschen Reich , : 613 – 14 . 1901, pp. 137, 172; 1906, p. 53; and 1908, p. 174
  • Levy . 1901 . "Die Juden im preuischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 185 – 91 .
  • 1908 . Im deutschen Reich , : 217
  • 1908 . Im deutschen Reich , : 217 695 – 96 .
  • 1906 . "Zur Ostmarken-Politik" . Im deutschen Reich , : 1 – 6 .
  • Levy , Alphonse . 1901 . "Die Juden im preußischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 185 – 91 .
  • 1908 . Im deutschen Reich , : 217
  • 1914 . Straz , : 35 – 38 .
  • Levy . 1901 . "Die Juden im preußischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 185 – 91 .
  • 1908 . "Polnischer Antisemitismus" . Im deutschen Reich , : 341 – 45 .
  • 1986 . Rudolf Jaworski, Handel und Gewerbe im Nationalitäten-Kampf: Studien zur Wirtschaftsgesinnung der Polen in der Provinz Posen, 1871-1914 Göttingen See the calls for a boycott of German (and Jewish) businesses-the swoj do swego (each to his own) campaign-scattered throughout the documents of the "Guard" Society (APP, Towarzystwo "Straz") and its periodical Strat Economic nationalism played an increasingly important role in the German-Polish national conflict as the "organic work" movement took hold in the province; see
  • Albrecht , Catherine . 1993 . "Pride in Production: The Jubilee Exhibition of 1891 and Economic Competition between Czechs and Germans in Bohemia" . Austrian History Yearbook , XXIV : 101 – 18 . Jakobczyk, Studio nad dziejami Wielkopolski w XIX w. The Czechs also used the economic boycott--"svuj k svému (each to his own)"--as a nationalist weapon;
  • 1996 . "Economic Nationalism Among German Bohemians" . Nationalities Papers , 24 ( 1 ) : 17 – 30 .
  • 1908 . "Polnischer Antisemitismus" . Im deutschen Reich , : 341 – 45 .
  • Levy . 1901 . "Die Juden im preußischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 186 – 91 .
  • 1900 . Im deutschen Reich , : 601 – 602 .
  • GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 146, Der Anteil der Konfessionen (M). See also Hagen, Germans, Poles, and Jews, especially the appendix, "Demographic Movements in the Province of Poznah," pp. 323-26.
  • Berghahn , Volker . 1994 . Imperial Germany 1871-1914: Economy, Society, and Politics , Providence : Berghahn Books . Volker Berghahn, for example, gives the Jewish share of the total population at 1.25 in 1871 and 0.95 before World War I
  • 1903 . Im deutschen Reich , : 577 – 78 .
  • Im deutschen Reich 1900 601-602; 1902 97-100; 1903 577-78; 1906 1-7 1911, pp. 336-37. Cf. GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 9b, Sitzung des Gesamtausschusses in Danzig (1902); and No. 10, Bl. 266-75, report about the Ortsgruppe Pollau (1913)
  • 1906 . Im deutschen Reich , : 263
  • Frymann , Daniel and Claß , Heinrich . 1912 . Wenn ich der Kaiser war. Politische Wahrheiten und Notwendigkeiten , Leipzig : Verlag von Theodor Weicher . See, for example, BA Berlin, R8048, Alldeutscher Verband, No. 90, Bl. 24, ReismannGrone re: "Der ADV und die Judenfrage"; No. 91, Bl. 54ff, report about von Gröling's suggestion to organize a defense organization directed specifically against Jews; No. 355, Bl. 48-53 Konstantin Freiherr von Gebsatte, "Gedanken über einen notwendigen Fortschritt in der inneren Entwicklung Deutschlands." Cf.
  • Ibid, especially GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 63, Bl. 290-95, letter to the Zentral-Vorstand der Fortschrittlichen Vereinigung from the Eastern Marches Society's local chapters in the Wahlkreis Lissa-Fraustadt (Dr Schober-OG Lissa, Hermann-OG Reisen, Dr Burandt-OG Fraustadt, and Weiss-OG Lache; 21 October 1911); No. 76, Bl. 3-5, report about Rogowo (Kr. Znin) (9 November 1913); No. 81, Bl. 106-107, report about Unruhstadt (Kr. Bomst) (9 March 1914); and No. 115, Voßberg report about Exin (19 March 1907).
  • 1902 . Im deutschen Reich , : 97 – 100 .
  • 1903 . Im deutschen Reich , : 708 – 15 .
  • Im deutschen Reich 1902 171 457 1908 72-75 GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, Anh. Nos 88 and 63, B1. 290-295 (M)
  • 1904 . Im deutschen Reich , : 663
  • Levy . 1901 . "Die Juden im preußischen Osten" . Im deutschen Reich , : 185 – 91 .
  • 1902 . Im deutschen Reich , : 97 – 100 . **nd 1908, pp. 341-45: and GStA PK, I. HA, Rep. 195, Deutscher Ostmarkenverein, No. 76, Bl. 3-5, report about Rogowo (Kr. Znin) (9 November 1913).
  • 1900 . Im deutschen Reich , : 601 – 602 . Albert Bovenschen, as quoted in
  • 1908 . Im deutschen Reich , : 30 – 31 .

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