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Nationalities Papers
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Volume 30, 2002 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Gaspirali v. Il'minskii: Two identity projects for the muslims of the Russian Empire

Pages 265-289 | Published online: 19 Aug 2010

References

  • Ostroumov , Nikolai . 1913 . "K istorii musul'manskogo obrazovatel'nogo dvizheniia v Rossii v XIX i XX stoletiiakh" . Mir Islama , 2 ( 5 ) : 316 – 326 . "Ismail Bei Gasprinskii" is the English transliteration of the Russianized form of Gaspirah's name
  • Stamoolis , James J. 1986 . Eastern Orthodox Mission Theology Today , 28 Maryknoll , NY : Orbis Books .
  • Smirnoff , Eugene . 1903 . A Short Account of the Historical Development and Present Position of Russian Orthodox Missions 16 – 23 . London For the missionary activities of Makarius and Veniaminov see
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1892 . "Pravoslavnoe bogosluzhenie na tatarskom iazyke" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii: izbrannye mesta iz pedagogicheskikh sochinenii, nekotorye svedeniia o ego geiatel'nosti i o poslednykh dniakh ego zhizni , 1892 , 22 – 29 . Kazan' : Tipografiia imperatorskogo universiteta . For the relationship between Makarius and Il'minskii
  • Hale , C. R. 1878 . "The Orthodox Missionary Society of Russia" . American Church Review , 30 : 344 – 360 . In 1870, Veniaminov founded the Orthodox Missionary Society in Moscow. See
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1895 . Pis'ma N. I. Il'minskogo k Ober-prokuroru Sviateishego Sinoda Konstantinu Petrovichu Pobe-donostsevu , 116 – 126 . 180 – 187 . Kazan' : Tipo-litografiia imperatorskogo universitete . This society supported Il'minskii's work from then on. For examples of how Il'minskii followed the Russian Orthodox missions and for the personal relationship between Il'minskii and Veniaminov, see
  • Lemercier-Quelquejay , Chantal . 1967 . "Les missions orthodoxes en pays musulmans de moyenne-et basse-Volga, 1552-1865" . Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique , 8 ( 3 ) : 387 – 391 .
  • Khodarkovsky , Michael . 1996 . '"Not by Word Alone': Missionary Policies and Religious Conversion in Early Modern Russia" . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 38 ( 2 ) : 283 – 287 .
  • Kefeli-Clay , Agnes . 1996 . "L'Islam populaire chez les Tatars chretiens orthodoxes au XIXe siecle" . Cahiers du Monde Russe , 37 ( 4 ) : 411
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1870 . "O perevode pravoslavnykh kristianskikh knig na tatarskii iazyk, pri khristiano-tatarskoi shkole v Kazani" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , November : 2 – 3 . Chapter 152; Il'minskii's student Nikolai Ostroumov has a similar argument in
  • Ostroumov , Nikolai . 1872 . "Zametka ob otnoshenii Mokhammedanstva k obrazovaniiu kreshchenykh Tatar" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniias , 4 June : 94 – 95 . ch. 161, old.
  • Lazzerini . IsmailBey Gasprinskii 2 – 3 .
  • Kirimli , Hakan . 1996 . Kirim Tatarlartnda MiIli Kimlik ve MiIli Hareketler, 1905-1916 , 38 Ankara : Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi . This book is the Turkish edition of Kirimli, National Movements and National Identity
  • Lazzerini . Is mail Bey Gasprinskii 4 – 11 .
  • Fisher , Alan W. 1968 . "Enlightened Despotism and Islam under Catherine II" . Slavic Review , 27 ( 4 ) : 542 – 553 .
  • Fisher , Alan W. 1987 . The Crimean Tatars , 78 88 92 – 93 . Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press . On the Russian colonization and emigrations, see
  • Kirimli . Kirim Tatarlarinda MiIli Kimlik 11 – 17 .
  • Bezchinskii , A. 1903 . Putevoditel' po Krymu , 74 Moskva : Tipo-lit. T-va I. N. Kushnerev . Prince Menshikov had in fact ordered deportation of the Crimean Tatars to Central Russia in 1854, but this proved to be practically impossible under the war conditions
  • Kirimli . Kirim Tatarlarinda MiIli Kimlik 15
  • Ibid., p. 15.
  • Gaspirinski , Ismail . 1328 (1913) . "Muhâceret-i Muazzama" . Türk Yurdu , 2 : 707 In 1913, Gaspirali wrote: "I would not let even one Turk move from his place in Russia if I had the power to do so, because one emigrating Turk is influencing ten others; he is leaving them in ambivalence, and he himself cannot find salvation in emigration; a homeland is being ruined, but another one is not being founded; nobody gains anything, everybody loses something."
  • Saydam , Abdullah . 1997 . Kirim ve Kafkas Göçleri (1856-1876) , 69 Ankara : Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi .
  • Gasprinskii , Ismail . 1985 . Russkoe Musul'manstvo , 28 – 29 . Oxford : Society for Central Asian Studies . 1881; reprint
  • Khalid , Adeeb . 1998 . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia , 19 – 44 . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . There were two types of traditional Muslim schools: mektebs, elementary schools, and medreses, higher schools that had an exclusively religious character in nineteenth-century Russia until the reform movement that came toward the end of the nineteenth century. On the function of traditional education in the traditional Muslim societies in Russia; Although Khalid's work is confined to Central Asia, the situation in other parts of Russia was not much different
  • Lazzerini . Ismail Bey Gasprinskii xx School reforms of Sihabeddin MercanÎ and Abdülqayyum Nasirf are two outstanding examples of these attempts
  • Il'minskii . "O perevode" ” . 3 For a case study about the impact of these everyday relations, see Kefeli-Clay, "L'Islam populaire."
  • Il'minskii . Pis'ma 4
  • 1908 . "ismail Bey Gaspirinskiy ile Miilâqat" . Tasvir-i Efkâr , 27 June
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. "O primenenii Russkogo alfavita k inorodcheskim iazykam" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 5 – 6 . Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Holy Synod had engaged in the translation of Christian texts into the languages of the inorodtsy. In 1883, Il'minskii analyzed these translations in a long treatise. He contended that these translations were unsuccessful because they had not paid attention to the lexical, semantic, and syntactic rules of the vernaculars
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1883 . Opyty perelozheniia khristianskikh verouchitel'nykh knig na Tatarskii i drugie inorodcheskie iazyki v nachale tekushchogo stoleiia , Kazan' : Tipgrafiia Imperatorskogo Universiteta .
  • Il'minskii . "O perevode" ” . 14
  • Chicherina , Sophia . 1910 . O iazyke prepodavanyia v shkolakh dlia vostochnykh inorodtsev , 7 S-Petersburg : Tipografiia V. Ia. Mil'shteina .
  • Iznoskov , I. "Pamiati Nikolaia Ivanovicha Il'minskogo" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 95
  • Il'minskii . "Pravoslavnoe bogosluzhenie," and Nikolai I. Il'minskii, "O tserkovnom bogosluzhenii na inorodcheskikh iazykakh" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 30 – 40 .
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 63
  • 1867 . "K voprosu ob ustroistve uchilishch dlia inorodcheskikh detei Kazanskogo uchebnogo okruga" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , April : 75 – 96 . ch. 134
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1867 . "Shkola dlia pervonachal'nogo obucheniia detei kreshchenykh Tatar, v Kazani" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , June : 293 – 328 . ch. 134
  • Neverov , M. 1869 . "K voprosu ob obrazvanii inorodtsev" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , December : 127 M. Neverov uses the term "Il'minskii system." ), ch. 146
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 132 – 150 . For the details of the Il'minskii system, see
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 79 – 80 . 177 – 187 . Ibid., p. 84
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. "Ob obrazovanii inorodtsev" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 18 – 19 .
  • Il'minskii . Pis'ma 223 During the imperial period "Tatar" basically denoted any Muslim living in the Russian empire, but it was more specifically used for the Lithuanian Tatars, Crimean Tatars, Kazan Tatars and the Caucasian Muslims. Russians called today's Kazakhs the "Kyrgyz" and today's Kirgiz "Kara-Kyrgyz." The most general term for the Muslims of sedentary Central Asia was "Sart." One should be careful about this terminology. In particular the word "Tatar" could have different meanings in different contexts. It could mean all the Muslims of the Russian empire in Gaspirah's usage, while it could mean the sedentary Muslims of European Russia in distinction from the nomadic Turkic tribes to their east in a text by Il'minskii
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. 1891 . Vospominaniia ob I. A. Altynsarine , 4 Kazan' : Tipo-Litografiia V. M. Kliuchnikova .
  • Kreindler , Isabelle Teitz . 1983 . "Ibrahim Altynsarin, Nikolai Il'minskii and the Kazakhh National Awakening" . Central Asian Survey , 2 ( 3 ) : 99 – 116 . I should note that this article suffers from Kreindler's lack of knowledge about the Muslim reform movement that Gaspirah had initiated
  • Alektorov , A. 1905 . "Iz istorii razvitiia obrazovaniia sredi Kirgizov Akmolinskoi i Semipalatinskoi Oblastei" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , December : 167 – 170 . ch. 342 In his letter to the Minister of Education, dated 17 March 1888, Il'minskii had also praised Altmsarin's schools for their success in bringing the Kazakh and Russian students close to each other. NART, f. 968, op. 1, d. 53
  • Alektorov . "Iz istorii razvitiia" ” . 187 Jan Amos Komensky was the first known person to systematize and popularize the translative method. He arranged his books in columns with the same text in different languages. Thus the student would learn by comparing the foreign language with his native language. "Comenius, John Amos" Encyclopedia Britannica Online, (accessed 6 April 2001). Il'minskii knew, respected, and quoted Komensky.
  • Il'minskii , Nikolai I. "Besedy narodnoi shkole" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 76 – 77 .
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 57 – 58 .
  • Il'minskii . Vospominaniia 192
  • Il'minskii . Pis'ma 247 – 248 . 321 – 322 .
  • Fisher, Enlightened Despotism.
  • Il'minskii . "O primenenii" ” . 9
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 58
  • Baldauf , Ingeborg . 1993 . Schriftreform und Schriftwechsel bei den Muslimischen Russland--und Sowjettürken (1850-1937): ein Symptom Ideengeschichtliher und Kulturpolitischer Entwicklungen , 688 Budapest : Akadémiai Kiado .
  • Togan , Ahmet Zeki V. 1942-1947 . Bugünki Türkili (Türkistan) ve yakin tarihi , 490 – 491 . Istanbul : Ibrahim Horoz ve Güven Basimevleri .
  • Kreindler . "Ibrahim Altynsarin" ” . 109
  • Alektorov . "Iz istorii razvitiia" ” . 168
  • Togan . Bugünki Türkili 501
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 143 – 145 .
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 172
  • Ibid., p. 173.
  • Il'minskiiPis'ma, pp. 338-339. Unfortunately Smirnov's letters to Il'minskii (NART, f. 968, op. 1, d. 145) are lost.
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 45 – 46 .
  • Il'minskii . Vospominaniia 192
  • Chicherina . O iazyke prepodavanyia 8
  • Il'minskii . Pis'ma 174 – 176 . 218 – 219 . 247 – 248 . 321 – 322 . 410 – 411 . See also: NART, f. 968, op. 1, d. 53
  • Gasprinskii . Russkoe Musul'manstvo 63 67 – 68 . These articles were later published as a book and reprinted in 1985
  • Ibid., p. 26.
  • Kinmli . Kirim Tatarlannda MiIli Kimlik 46 After 1905, he would more frequently use "Turk."
  • Togan . Bugünki Türkili 555 ismail Bey Gaspirinskiy, Tunguç, 1881
  • Gasprinskii . Russkoe Musul'manstvo 27 – 31 .
  • Ibid., pp. 42-43, 46, 50, 61.
  • Ibid., p. 59.
  • Ibid., pp. 72-73.
  • Ibid., pp. 64-65.
  • Kirimli . Kirim Tatarlannda Millî Kimlik 40
  • Usmanova , Dilara M. 1996 . "Die Tatarische Presse 1905-1918: Quellen, Entwicklungsetappen und Quantitative Analyse" ” . In Muslim Culture in Russian and Central Asia from the 18th to the Early 20th Centuries , Edited by: Kemper , Michael , von Kügelgen , Anke and Yermakov , Dmitriy . 239 – 278 . Berlin : Klaus Schwarz Verlag .
  • Bennigsen , Alexandre and Quelquejay , Chantal Lemercier- . 1964 . La presse et le mouvement national chez les musulmans de Russie avant 1920 , Paris : Mouton . Turkistan Vilayeti'nin Gazeti was published in Tashkent for 47 years between 1870 and 1917, but it was an official publication edited by Ostroumov
  • Il'minskii . "O primenenii" ” . 6
  • Kirimli . Kirim Tatarlannda MiIlî Kimlik 48 – 49 .
  • Ibid., p. 40.
  • Togan . Bugünki Türkili 556
  • Ostroumov , Nikolai . 1906 . "Musul'manskie maktaby i russko-tuzemnye shkoly v Turkestanskom krae" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , February : 137 new series, ch. 1
  • Khalid . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform 24
  • Ostroumov . "Musul'manskie maktaby" ” . 130 – 134 .
  • Lykoshin , N. S. 1916 . Polzhizni v Turkestane 223 – 224 . Petrograd
  • Ibrahimof , Abdürresid . Tercüme-i Halim , 1905 Kazan For a critique of medrese education from inside, see
  • Kirimli . Kirim Tatarlarmda Millî Kimlik 53
  • Lazzerini . Ismail Bey Gasprinskii 185 – 189 . Lazzerini also gives a sample curriculum and classroom plan
  • Il'minskii . Pis'ma 396 – 397 . For examples of this usage, see
  • Il'minskii . "O perevode" ” . 2 – 4 .
  • Il'minskii, Pis 'ma.
  • Ibid., p. 53.
  • Ibid., pp. 62-63.
  • Ibid., p. 321.
  • Ibid., p. 322.
  • Pobedonostsev , Konstantin . "Iz vospominanii o N. I. Il'minskom" ” . In Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii 111
  • Bobrovnikoff , Sophia . 1911 . "Moslems in Russia" . The Moslem World , 1 : 9
  • Gasprinskii . Russkoe Musul'manstvo 65
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 62 – 84 . On the regulations of 1870
  • Khalid . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform 178 – 179 .
  • Quoted in Ibid., p. 180.
  • Ibid., pp. 179-180.
  • Lazzerini , Edward J. 1984 . "From Bahchisarai to Bukhara in 1893: Ismail Bey Gasprinskii's Journey to Central Asia" . Central Asian Survey , 3 ( 4 ) : 77 – 88 . For the details of this trip see
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 174 – 187 . For more on this commission, see
  • Ostroumov . "K istorii musul'manskogo" ” . 322 – 326 . Altmsarin's system, which used the Kazakh vernacular as the medium of instruction, had a limited usage by 1905. Russo-native schools generally used Russian as the language of instruction
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 178
  • Miropiev , N. 1908 . "Russko inorodcheskie shkoly sistemy N. I. Il'minskogo" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , February : 183 – 210 . new series, ch. 13
  • Khalid . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform 180 See endnote 92. Quoted in
  • Crews , R. D. 1999 . Allies in God's Command: Muslim Communities and the State in Imperial Russia , Princeton : Princeton University . For the government support to the traditionalists against the reformers; unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 187
  • Gaspirali , Ismail Bey . 1905 . "Can Yaki DiI Meselesi" . Tercüman , 25 January
  • Arsharuni , Arshalius and Gabidullin , Khaci . 1931 . Ocherki panislamizma i pantiurkizma v Rossii , 115 – 116 . Moscow : Bezbozhnik . The expression "literaturnyi rodnoi iazyk" in this Russian text is misleading. It is the translation of "edeb millî dil" in Turkish, which Gaspirali used to denote the common language he promoted for the entire Turkic world. Although "literary native language" is the literal translation of "literaturnyi rodnoi iazyk," the correct expression should be "literary national language" for this better gives the meaning of "edebî millî dil."
  • 1907 . "Ma'arif Kamisiyasi" . Yulduz , 14 September
  • 1906 . "Qafqaz Müslüman Mu'allimler Meclisiniñ Programi" . Beyan-ül Haq , 23 September
  • 1906 . "Mu'allimler Cem'iyyetiniñ Vazîfeleri" . Beyan-ül Haq , 15 August
  • 1906 . Mekârce Ciyunmda Mu'allim ve Skirdler" . Beyan-ül Haq , 24 September
  • Deliorman , Allan . 1968 . "Ismail Gaspirali ve Tercüman Gazetesi" . Türk Kültürü , 6 ( 69 ) : 655
  • Lazzerini . Ismail Bey Gasprinskii 51
  • Zenkovsky , Serge A. 1960 . Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia , 45 – 51 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • 1913 . "Vopros o musul'manskoi fraktsii Gosudarstvennoi Dumy" . Mir Islama , 2 ( 2 ) : 101 – 109 .
  • Ibrahimof , 'Alimcan . 1911 . "Biz Tatarmiz" . Sûrâ , 15 April : 236 – 238 .
  • Türkoglu . 1911 . "Biz Türkmiz" . Sûrâ, 15 April , : 238 – 241 . Türkoglu would write three more articles under this title in 1912
  • 1912 . Sûrâ , 1 January : 19 – 21 .
  • 1912 . Sûrâ , 15 January : 55 – 56 .
  • 1912 . Sûrâ , 1 February : 79 – 80 .
  • Türkoglu . 1912 1 February . "Biz Türkmiz" ” . 1912 ,
  • Türkoglu . 15 January 1912 . "Biz Türkmiz" ” . 15 January ,
  • Türkoglu . 1 February 1912 . "Biz Türkmiz" ” . 1 February ,
  • 1911 . "Til ve Imlâ Meselesi" . Sûrâ , 1 February : 79 – 82 .
  • Cihandarof , Feyzurrahman . 1911 . "Qazaq Mekteblerine Dair" . Sûrâ , 15 February : 92 – 93 .
  • Ahmed . 1911 . "Her Kimniñ Ana TiIi Özine Qiymetli" . Sûrâ , 15 April : 232 – 233 . Although the period between 1905 and 1917 is the time when the Muslims of Russia most vocally discussed nationalism, territorial or extraterritorial, the precedents of their ideas were present earlier in the mid-nineteenth century in the works of people like Çokan Velixanov, Sihabuddin Mercanî and, as I try to explain in this article, Ismail Bey Gaspirali
  • 1906 . "'Tercüman' Babamiza Bir Iki Söz" . Beyan-ül Haq , 29 May
  • 1906 . "Ittifaq ve Islah" . Beyan-ül Haq , 20 September
  • Velidof , Cemaleddin . 1912 . "Vine Til Meselesi" . Yulduz ,
  • Gaspirali , Ismail Bey . 1912 . "Lisan Gerek Lisan" . Sûrâ , 1 January : 18 – 19 . Tercüman
  • Geraci , Robert . 1997 . "Russian Orientalism at an Impasse: Tsarist Education Policy and the 1910 Conference on Islam" ” . In Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700-1917 , Edited by: Brower , Daniel R. and Lazzerini , Edward J. 140 Indiana : Indiana University Press .
  • Znamenskii , Petr . 1910 . Kazanskie Tatary 35 Kazan
  • McCarthy , Frank T. 1973 . "The Kazan Missionary Congress" . Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique , 14 : 308 – 332 . For the details of this congress, see Geraci, "Russian Orientalism at an Impasse"
  • 1913 . "K voprosu o panislamizme" . Mir Is lama , : 1 – 12 . and "Pantiurkizm v Rossii," Mir Islama, pp. 13-30
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 80
  • Shatalov , I. 1870 . "Russkii iazyk v inorodcheskoi shkole" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , November : 1 – 21 . ch. 310
  • Dowler , Wayne . 1995 . "The Politics of Language in Non-Russian Elementary Schools in the Eastern Empire, 1865-1914" . The Russian Review , 54 ( 3 ) : 516 – 538 .
  • Arsharuni , A. "Iz istorii natsional'noi politiki tsarizma" . Krasnyi arkhiv , 4 ( 35 ) 107 – 127 . "Zhurnal osobogo soveshchaniia po vyrabotke mer dlia protivodeistviia tatarsko-musul'manskomu vliianiiu v Privolzhskom krae."
  • Turdiev , Sherali . "La surette Russe, les maîtres d'école Tatars et le mouvement djadid au Turkestan" . Cahiers du Monde Russe , 37 ( 1-2 ) 211 – 215 .
  • Khalid . The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform 182
  • Dowler . Classroom and Empire 225 – 227 . This was a blow to the Il'minskii system as applied to the baptized inorodtsy too, but it was in harmony with the ideas of the followers of Il'minskii about the Muslims of the empire
  • Bobrovnikov , Nikolai . 1917 . "Sovremennoe polozhenie uchebnogo dela u inorodcheskikh piemen vostochnoi Rossii" . Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia , May : 51 – 84 . new series, ch. 135
  • Kreindler . Educational Policies 211 – 213 .
  • Kreindler , Isabelle Teitz . "A Neglected Source of Lenin's Nationality Policy" . Slavic Review , 36 ( 1 ) 86 – 100 . In this article, Kreindler traces Il'minskii's influence on Lenin's ideas to the personal relationship between a loyal disciple of Il'minskii, I. Ia. lakovlev and Lenin's father. Archival documents reveal that Lenin's father and mother had personally communicated with Il'minskii too. In a letter, dated 28 September 1889, Lenin's mother asks for Il'minskii's help for Lenin's readmission to the Kazan State University. NART, f. 968, op. 1, d. 157
  • Gellner , Ernest . 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , 53 Oxford : Basil Blackwell Publisher .
  • Usmanov , Mirkasim A. 1993 . "O triumphe i tragedii idei Gasprinskogo" ” . In Ismail Bei Gasprinskii--Rossiia i vostok , 3 – 15 . Kazan' : Tatarskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo .
  • Chervonnaia , Svetlana M. 2001 . Ismail Gasprinskii--prosvetitel'naraodov Vostoka, k 150-letiiu co dnia rozhdeniia, Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii , Moscow : N.I.I, teorii i istorii izobrazitel'nykh iskusstv Rossiiskoi Akademii khudozhestv . For a collection of the summaries of the works presented in this conference, see

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