Nazi Germany and the Karaites in 1938–1944: between racial theory and Realpolitik

References

• Algamil, Yosef. Ha-yehudim ha-karaim be-mizrach Europa be-avar u-be-hove. Ramle: “Tif'eret Iosef” Institute for the Study of the Karaite Jewry, 2000. Print
   Google Scholar
• Algamil, Yosef. Toldot ha-yahadut ha-karait. 2 vols. Ramle: National Council of the Karaite Jews in Israel, 1979. Print
   Google Scholar
• Aliglashvili, Levi. “How Georgian Jews in Occupied France Were Saved.” Yad Vashem Studies 6 (1967): 217–20. Print
   Google Scholar
• Angrick, Andrej. Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941–1943. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2003. Print
   Google Scholar
• Arad, Yitzhak. Toldot ha-shoa. Brit ha-moetsot ve-ha-shtachim ha-mesupachim. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2004. Print
   Google Scholar
• Atchildi, Asaf. “Rescue of Jews of Bukharan, Iranian and Afghan Origin in Occupied France (1940–1944).” Yad Vashem Studies 6 (1967): 257–81. Print
   Google Scholar
• Backer, Avraham. Die Karaimer. Historisher Iberblik. Tel Aviv: H. Leivik, 1990. Print
   Google Scholar
• Bareket, Elinoar. “Karaite Communities in the Middle East during the Tenth to Fifteenth Centuries.” Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Ed. Meira Polliack. Leiden: Brill, 2003. 237–54. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ben Shamai, Haggai. “Major Trends in Karaite Philosophy and Polemics in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries.” Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Ed. Meira Polliack. Leiden: Brill, 2003. 9–24. Print
   Google Scholar
• Earl, Hilary Camille. The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial: 1945–1948: Atrocity, Law, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, Eric. The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Efstafyeva, Tatyana. “Tragediya Babyego Yara.” Druga Svitova Viina i dolya narodiv Ukrainy. Kiev: Zovnishtorgvidav, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Feferman, Kiril. “Nazi Germany and the Mountain Jews: Was There a Policy?” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 21.1 (Winter 2007): 96–114. Print
   Google Scholar
• Freund, Roman. “Karaites and Dejudaization: A Historical Review of an Endogenous Paradigm.” Acta Universitatis Stockholiensis. Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion 30 (1991). Print
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Philip. “The Karaites under Nazi Rule.” On the Track of Tyranny. Essays Published by the Wiener Library to Leonard G. Montefiore, on the Occasion of his Seventieth Birthday. Ed. Max Beloff. London: The Wiener Library, 1960. Print
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Philip. Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. Ed. Ada June Friedman. New York: Conference on Jewish Social Studies, 1980. 97–123. Print
   Google Scholar
• Fuki, Aleksandr. Karaimy – synov'ya i docheri Rossii. Rasskazy i ocherki ob uchastii v boyakh ot krymskoi voiny do Velikoi Otechestvennoi. Moscow: AO “Interprint,” 1995. Print
   Google Scholar
• Gil, Moshe. “The Origins of the Karaites.” Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Ed. Meira Polliack. Leiden: Brill, 2003. 73–118. Print
   Google Scholar
• Green, Warren P. “The Fate of the Crimean Jewish Community: Askenazim, Krimchaks, and Karaites.” Jewish Social Studies 46.2 (1984): 169–76. Print
   Google Scholar
• Green, Warren P. “The Karaite Passage in A. Anatoli's [sic] Babi Yar.” East European Quarterly 12.3 (1978): 283–87. Print
   Google Scholar
• Green, Warren P. “The Nazi Racial Policy towards the Karaites.” Soviet Jewish Affaires 8.2 (1978): 35–45. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hachmeister Lutz. Der Gegnerforscher: Die Karriere des SS-Führers Franz Alfred Six. München: Beck, 1998. Print
   Google Scholar
• Harviainen, Tapani. “The Karaites in Eastern Europe and the Crimea: An Overview.” Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Ed. Meira Polliack. Leiden: Brill, 2003. 633–56. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hauer, Jacob Wilhelm. Religion und Rasse. Tübingen: Wissenschaftliche Akademie Tübingen des NSD=Dozentenbundes, 1941. Print
   Google Scholar
• Kefeli, Valentin. Karaim. Pushino: Pushinskii nauchnyi tsentr RAN, 1992. Print
   Google Scholar
• Kizilov, Mikhail. The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772–1945. (Studia Judaeoslavica. Vol. 1). Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Kropotov, Vladimir S. Viiskovy traditsii krymskikh karaimiv. Simferopol: Dolya, 2004. Print
   Google Scholar
• Kunz, Norbert. Die Krim unter deutscher Herrschaft 1941–1944. Germanisierungsutopie und Besatzungsrealität. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005. Print
   Google Scholar
• Kupovetsky, Mark. “Dinamika chislennosti i rasselenie karaimov i krymchakov za poslednie dvesti let.” Geografiya i kul'tura etnograficheskikh grupp tatar v SSSR. Moscow: Nauka, 1982
   Google Scholar
• Leers, Johann. Rassen, Völker und Volkstürmer. Langesalza: J. Beltz, 1938. Print
   Google Scholar
• Lvov, Alexander. Prostonarodnoe dvizhenie iudeisvuyushikh v Rossii 18-20 vekov. Ph.D. diss., European U in St. Petersburg, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Maurach, Reinhart. “Die Karaimen in der russischen Gesetzgebung.” Zeitschrift für Rassenkunde 10.2–3 (1939): 163–75. Print
   Google Scholar
• Michman, Dan. Holocaust Historiography: A Jewish Perspective. Conceptualizations, Terminology, Approaches and Fundamental Issues. London, Portland, OR: Vallentine, Mitchell, 2003. Print
   Google Scholar
• Pegelow, Thomas. “Determining ‘People of German Blood’, ‘Jews’ and ‘Mischlinge’: The Reich Kinship Office and the Competing Discourses and Powers of Nazism, 1941–1943.” Contemporary European History 15.1 (2006): 43–65. Print
   Google Scholar
• Piper, Ernst. Alfred Rosenberg. Hitlers Chefideologie. München: Karl Blessing, 2005. Print
   Google Scholar
• Polkanov, Alexander. Krymskie karaimy. Simferopol, 1995. Print
   Google Scholar
• Rahe, Thomas. “Höre Israel” Jüdische Religiosität in nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslagern. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1998. Print
   Google Scholar
• Roth, Karl Heinz. “Berlin-Ankara-Baghdad: Franz von Papen and German Near East Policy During the Second World War.” Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945. Ed. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz. Princeton, NJ: Max Wiener Publishers, 2004. 181–216. Print
   Google Scholar
• Schmaltz, Eric J., and Samuel D. Sinner. “The Nazi Ethnographic Research of Georg Leibbrandt and Karl Stump in Ukraine, and its North American Legacy.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14.1 (2000): 28–64. Print
   Google Scholar
• Schröder, Christel Matthias. Rasse und Religion: Eine Rassen- und Religions- wissentschaftliche Untersuchung. Munich: Ernst Reinhardt, 1937. Print
   Google Scholar
• Shapira, Dan. “Beginnings of the Karaite Communities of the Crimea Prior to the Sixteenth Century.” Karaite Judaism: A Guide to its History and Literary Sources. Ed. Meira Polliack. Leiden: Brill, 2003. 709–28. Print
   Google Scholar
• Shapira, Dan. “A Jewish Pan-Turkist: Serayah Szapszał's Work Qırım Qaray Türkleri.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58.4 (2005): 349–80. Print
   Google Scholar
• Shapira, Dan, and Harviainen, Tapani. “On Scholarship, Firkovicz, and Forgeries”. Omeljan Pritsak Armağani. A Tribute to Omeljan Pritsak. Ed. Mehmet Alpargu and Yücel Oztürk. Sakarya, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Shneer, Aharon. Plen. Jerusalem: Mosty kul'tury, 2003. Print
   Google Scholar
• Schur, Nathan. History of the Karaites. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1992. Print
   Google Scholar
• Semi, Emanuela T. “L'oscillation ethnique: Le cas des Caraites pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.” Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 206.4 (October–December 1989): 377–98. Print
   Google Scholar
• Semi, Emanuela T. “The Image of the Karaites in Nazi and Vichy France Documents.” Jewish Journal of Sociology 32.2 (1990): 81–93. Print
   Google Scholar
• Spector, Shmuel. “Ha-karaim be-Europa she-be-shlitat ha-Natsim be-rei mismachim germanium.” Peamim 29 (1986): 90–108. Print
   Google Scholar
• Spector, Shmuel. “Shoat ha-yehudim ha-krymchakim bi-tqufat ha-kibush ha-natsi.” Peamim 27 (1986): 18–27. Print
   Google Scholar
• Steigmann-Gall, Richard. “Old Wine in New Bottles?: Religion and Race in Nazi Anti-Semitism.” Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Ed. Kevin P. Spicer. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2007. 285–308. Print
   Google Scholar
• Teich, Gerhard, and Hanz Rübel. Verzeichnis der Völker, Volksgruppen und Volksstämme auf Gebiet der ehemaligen UdSSR: Geschichte, Verbreitung, Rasse, Bekenntnis. Leipzig: Steglitz, 1941. Print
   Google Scholar
• Vikhnovich, Vsevolod. “Massovye etnicheskie deportatsii iz Kryma v 1944–1945 gg. i Krymskie karaimy.” Paralleli 4-5 (2004): 89–93. Print
   Google Scholar
• Vikhnovich, Vsevolod. 2000 let vmeste: evrei Rossii. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Die Völker des Kaukasus und seiner Vorländer. Berlin und Stuttgart: Deutsches Ausland-Institut, 1941
   Google Scholar
• Yedidya, Asaf. The Nazi's Attacks on the Talmud in the Third Reich. Post-doctoral project. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2009–2010. Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Yitzhak, Arad, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Spector (eds). The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selection from the Dispatches of the Nazis' Death Squads Campaign against the Jews (July 1941 – January 1943). New York: Holocaust Library, 1989. Print
   Google Scholar