Orthodoxy and nation-building: Nichifor Crainic and religious nationalism in 1920s Romania

References

• Anonymous. “Scopul nostru.” Dacia 23 Nov. 1918: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. “Ce este “Cuvântul”.” Cuvântul 6 Nov. 1924: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. “Al doilea proces Nichifor Crainic-Liviu Rebreanu.” Adevarul 24 Mar. 1932: 7. Print
   Google Scholar
• Basciani, Alberto. La difficile unione: la Bessarabia e la grande Romania, 1918–1940. Rome: Aracne, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Bădescu, Laura. Retorica poeziei religioase a lui Nichifor Crainic. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 2000. Print
   Google Scholar
• Berggren, Lena. “Completing the Lutheran Reformation: Ultra-nationalism, Christianity and the Possibility of ‘Clerical Fascism’ in Interwar Sweden.” Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. Eds. Matthew Feldman and Marius Turda. London: Routledge, 2008. 91–102. Print
   Google Scholar
• Bozdoghină, Horia. Nicolae Iorga şi Partidul Naṭionalist Democrat în viaṭa politică a României. Sibiu: Editura Universităṭii Lucian Blaga, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Breazul, George. “Arhiva fonograma.” Boabe de grâu. 3.8 (1932): 321–47. Print
   Google Scholar
• Bucur, Maria. Heroes and Victims: Remembering War in Twentieth Century Romania. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Caron, Vicki. “Catholic Political Mobilization and Antisemitic Violence in Fin de Sieṭcle France: The Case of the Union Nationale.” The Journal of Modern History. 81.2 (2009): 294–346. Print
   Google Scholar
• Cenuşă, Mircea. “Nichifor Crainic – Portret în oglindă,” Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 94. Print
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Roland. Nationalism, Ethnotheology and Mysticism in Interwar Romania. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies. No. 2002. Pittsburgh: Center for Russian and East European Studies, U of Pittsburgh, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crohmâlniceanu, Ovid S. Literatura româna între cele două războaie mondiale. 2 vols. Bucharest: Editura Universalia, 2003. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Şesuri natale. Craiova: “Ramuri”, 1916. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Zâmbete în lacrimi. Bucharest: Biblioteca Scriitorilor Români, 1916. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Rodica Maniu.” Dacia 24 Dec. 1918: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Sărmanii vagabonzi!” Dacia 16–29 Jan. 1919: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Universitatea Ardealului.” Dacia 29 Mar 1919: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Icoanele Vremii. Bucharest: Editor H. Steinberg, Librar, 1919. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Ţăranul în artă.” Dacia 1 Jan.1919: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Darurile pământului. Bucharest: Cartea Romaṭneascaṭ, 1920. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Privelişti Fugare. Bucharest: Editura Librăriei Pavel Suru, 1921. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Isus în ţara mea.” Gândirea. 2/11–12 (1923): 117–21. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Politică şi ortodoxie.” Gândirea. 3.5 (1923): 77–83. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “În pragul “Căminul Cultural”.” Lamura. 4.10–11 (1923): 513–16. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Parsifal.” Gândirea. 3.8–9–10 (1924): 181–86. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Între govern şi Sf. Sinod.” Cuvântul 12 Nov. 1924: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Pentru români creştini.” Cuvântul 27 June 1925: 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “A două neatârnare.” Gândirea. 6.1 (1926): 1–5. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Între Apollo şi Isus.” Gândirea. 7.1 (1927): 1–4. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Tradiţie şi internaţionalism.” Gândirea. 8.2 (1928): 76–77. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Spiritualitate.” Gândirea. 8.8–9 (1928): 307–10. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Sensul tradiţiei.” Gândirea. 9.1–2 (1929): 1–11. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Mihai D. Ralea.” Gândirea. 9.3 (1929): 114. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Ortodoxismul nostru.” Gândirea. 9.3 (1929): 114–15. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “D. M. Ralea încearca să polemizeze.” Gândirea. 9.11 (1929): 370–72. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Zece ani.” Gandirea. 10.12 (1930): 407–15. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Ţara de peste veac. Bucharest: Cartea româneasca, 1931. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Stat şi cultură.” Gândirea. 11.9 (1931): 325–30. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Curs de istoria literaturii bisericeşti şi religioase moderne. Bucharest: Universitatea din Bucureşti, 1933. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie. Bucharest: Editura Cugetarea, 1937. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “În anul XVI.” Gândirea. 16.1 (1937): 46–47. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Spiritul Basarabean.” Straja Neamului. 2.4–5 (1938): 1. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “Simbolul androgin.” Gândirea. 18.6 (1939): 289–96. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Lupta pentru spiritul nou: Germania şi Italia în scrisul meu dela 1932 încoace. Bucharest: Editura Cugetarea, 1941. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Zile albe, zile negre: Memorii (I). Bucharest: Casa Editurială “Gândirea”, 1991. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Nostalgia Paradisului. Iaşi: Editura Moldova, 1994. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To Lucian Blaga,” 12 Jan. 1921. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 102. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To Lucian Blaga,” May 1921. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 106–07. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To Cezar Petrescu,” May 1921. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 108–09. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To D. Mugur,” 23 Mar. 1922. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 114. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To Lucian Blaga,” 1922. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 117–18. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. “To D. Mugur,” 14 July 1924. Manuscriptum. 26.1–4 (1995): 121–22. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor. Cursurile de mistică. Ed. Ioan I. Ică Jr. Sibiu: Deisis, 2010. Print
   Google Scholar
• Crainic, Nichifor, Romului Seişanu, and Dimitrie T Faur. Geografia României: Pentru Clasa III-a Primară. Bucharest: Editura “Naţionala Ciornei,” 1931. Print
   Google Scholar
• Cuza, A. C. “Presa jidovească şi studenṭii universitari.” Neamul românesc 5 Dec. 1908: 2995. Print
   Google Scholar
• Dagnino, Jorge, “Catholic Modernities in Fascist Italy: The Intellectuals of Azione Cattolica.” Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. Ed. Matthew Feldman and Marius Turda. London: Routledge, 2008. 117–30
   Google Scholar
• Dima, Alexandru. “Problema mişcării ortodoxiste.” Datina 7/10 (1929): 137–50. Print
   Google Scholar
• Drace-Francis, Alex. The Making of Modern Romanian Culture: Literacy and the Development of National Identity. London: Tauris Academic Studies, 2006. Print
   Google Scholar
• Durandin, Catherine. “Orthdoxie et Roumanité: Le débat de l'entre deux guerres.” Rumanian Studies. 5 (1980–1986): 105–24. Print
   Google Scholar
• Enăceanu, Ghenadie. Creştinismul în Dacia şi creştinarea românilor. Bucharest: Tipogragia Curţii, 1875. Print
   Google Scholar
• Epure, Gheorghe. “Ortodoxismul gîndirist.” Istoria filozofiei româneşti. Ed. Dumitru Ghişe and Nicolae Gogoneaţă. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1980. 676–741. Print
   Google Scholar
• Falina, Maria. “Between ‘Clerical Fascism’ and Political Orthodoxy: Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Interwar Serbia.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8.2 (2007): 247–58. Print
   Google Scholar
• Gillet, Oliver. “Orthodoxie, nation et ethnicité en Roumanie au XXe siècle: un problème ecclésiologique et politique.” Ethnicity and Religion in Central and Eastern Europe. Eds. Maria Craṭciun and Ovidiu Ghitta. Cluj-Napocă: Cluj UP, 1995. 345–61. Print
   Google Scholar
• Griech-Polelle, Beth A. “The Impact of the Spanish Civil War upon Roman Catholic Clergy in Nazi Germany.” Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Ed. Kevin P. Spicer. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2007. 121–35. Print
   Google Scholar
• Gusti, Dimitrie. The Royal Foundations of Rumania. Bucharest: Fundaţia Culturală Regală “Principele Carol”, 1939. Print
   Google Scholar
• Gusti, Dimitrie. “Cuvânt la congres general ale căminelor culturale, 1938.” Opere. Ed. Ovidiu Bădina and Octavian Neamţu. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1970. 291–94. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hanebrink, Paul A. In Defense of Christian Hungary: Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890–1944. Ithaca N.Y.: Cornell UP, 2006. Print
   Google Scholar
• Christine Hall, “Spiritual tradition and ecclesiology in the Romanian Orthodox historical and political context,” International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 11.2–3 (2011): 152–72
   Google Scholar
• Heinen, Armin. Legiunea “Arhanghelul Mihail”: Mişcare socială şi organizaţie politică. Trans. Cornelia and Delia Eşianu. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2006. Print
   Google Scholar
• Heitmann, Klaus. “Das “rumänische Phänomen”. Die Frage des nationalen Spezifikums in der Selbstbesinnung in der rumänischen Kultur seit 1900.” Südost-Forschungen. 24 (1970): 171–236. Print
   Google Scholar
• Herf, Jeffrey. Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1984. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins, Keith. Orthodoxy and Nationality: Andreiu Sṭaguna and the Rumanians of Transylvania, 1846–1873. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1977. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins, Keith. “Gândirea: Nationalism in a Spiritual Guise.” Studies on Romanian National Consciousness. Ed. Keith Hitchins. Pelham, NY: Nagard, 1983. 231–58. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins, Keith. Rumania 1866–1947. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins, Keith. The Romanians, 1774–1866. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996. Print
   Google Scholar
• Hitchins, Keith. “Orthodoxism: Polemics over Ethnicity and Religion in Interwar Romania.” National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern Europe. Ed. Ivo Banac and Katherine Verdery. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1995. 135–56. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ică, Ioan I. Jr. “Nichifor Crainic şi redescoperirea misticii în Ortodoxie în prima jumătate a secolului XX,” Cursurile de mistică. Ed. Ioan I. Ică Jr. Sibiu: Deisis, 2010. 5–112. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ionescu, Nae. “Tot despre Facultatea Chişinăului.” Cuvântul 24 Sep. 1926: 1–2. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ionescu, Nae. “Pentru o teologie cu nespecialişti.” Predania 15 Feb. 1937: 3–4. Print
   Google Scholar
• Leustean, Lucian. “The Political Control of Orthodoxy in the Construction of the Romanian State, 1859–1918.” European History Quarterly. 37. 1 (2007): 61–80
   Google Scholar
• Linehan, Thomas. “‘On the Side of Christ’: Fascist Clerics in 1930s Britain.” Clerical Fascism in Interwar Europe. Eds. Matthew Feldman and Marius Turda. London: Routledge, 2008. 75–89. Print
   Google Scholar
• Livezeanu, Irina. Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. London: Cornell UP, 1995. Print
   Google Scholar
• Livezeanu, Irina. “After the Great Union: Generational Tensions, Intellectuals, Modernism, and Ethnicity in Interwar Romania.” Nation and National Ideology: Past, Present and Prospects. Ed. Irina Vianovski-Mihai. Bucharest: New Europe College, 2001: 110–27. Print
   Google Scholar
• Livezeanu, Irina. “Generational Politics and the Philosophy of Culture: Lucian Blaga between Tradition and Modernism.” Austrian History Yearbook. 33 (2002): 207–37. Print
   Google Scholar
• Maner, Hans-Christian. Multikonfessionalitaṭt und neue Staatlichkeit: orthodoxe, griechisch-katholische und roṭmisch-katholische Kirche in Siebenbuṭrgen und Altrumaṭnien zwischen den Weltkriegen (1918–1940). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2007. Print
   Google Scholar
• Manu, Peter and Horia Bozdoghină, Polemica Paulescu: Ştiinṭă, politică, memorie. Bucharest: Cartea Veche, 2010. Print
   Google Scholar
• Marineasa, Viorel. Tradiţie supralicitată, modernitate diortosită: Publicistica lui Nichifor Crainic şi a lui Nae Ionescu, la o nouă citire. Timişoara: U de Vest, 2004. Print
   Google Scholar
• Micu, Dumitru. “Gândirea”şi gândirismul. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1975. Print
   Google Scholar
• Mitu, Sorin. National Identity of Romanians in Transylvania. Trans. Sorana Corneanu. Budapest: Central European UP, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Mugur, Gh. D, Nichifor Crainic, and Vasile Voiculescu.Căminul Cultural. Bucharest: Fundaţia Culturală “Principele Carol”, 1922. Print
   Google Scholar
• Muşeţeanu, Liliana. Bibliografie radiofonică românească. 2 vols. Bucharest: Editura “Casa Radio”, 2000. Print
   Google Scholar
• Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M. Nicolae Iorga: A Biography. Iaşi and Portland: Center for Romanian Studies, 1998. Print
   Google Scholar
• Negrescu, I. “Universitatea Populară din Chişinău.” Universitatea Populara din Chişinău: Anuare 1922–1925. Ed. I. Negrescu. Chişinău: U Populară din Chişinău, 1925: 9–36. Print
   Google Scholar
• Oişteanu, Andrei. Inventing the Jew: Antisemitic Stereotypes in Romanian and Other Central-East European Cultures. Trans. Mirela Adăscălţei. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Opriṭescu, Mihail. Partidul Naṭionalist Democrat condus de Nicolae Iorga (1910–1938). Bucharest: 2000. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ornea, Zigu. Sămănătorismul. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1971
   Google Scholar
• Ornea, Zigu. Poporanismul. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1972. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ornea, Zigu. Junimea şi Junimismul. Bucharest: Editura Eminescu, 1978. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ornea, Zigu. Tradiţionalism şi modernitate în deceniul al treilea. Bucharest: Editura Eminescu, 1980. Print
   Google Scholar
• Papahagi, Marian. ““The “National Essence” in Interwar Romanian Literary Life.” National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern Europe. Eds. Ivo Banac and Katherine Verdery. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1995. 157–80. Print
   Google Scholar
• Parusi, Gheorghe. Cronologia Bucureştilor. Bucharest: Compania, 2005. Print
   Google Scholar
• Paulescu, Nicolae. Spitalul, Coranul, Talmudul, Cahalul, Francmasoneria. Filipeştii de Târg, Prahova: Antet XX, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Păcurariu, Mircea. Istoria Bisericii Ortodoxe Române. Bucharest: Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, 2006. Print
   Google Scholar
• Petrescu, Cezar. “Untitled.” Gândirea, 1.1 (1921): 19. Print
   Google Scholar
• Petrescu, Liviu. “Crainic, Nichifor.” Dicţionarul scriitorilor români. Eds. Mircea Zaciu, Marian Papahagi, and Aurel Sasu. Bucharest: Editura Fundaţiei Culturale Române, 1995. 696–98. Print
   Google Scholar
• Petreu, Marta. An Infamous Past: E. M. Cioran and the Rise of Fascism in Romania. Trans. Bogdan Aldea. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2005. Print
   Google Scholar
• Popescu, Teodor. “Nichifor Crainic în teologia noastra.” Gândirea. 19.4 (1940): 277–82. Print
   Google Scholar
• Posse, N. Întâlnirile cu Tolstoi. Trans. Nichifor Crainic and Ion Călugăru. Bucharest: Tipgrafia si legatoria G. Iliescu, 1923. Print
   Google Scholar
• Pöpping, Dagmar. Abendland: Christliche Akademiker und die Utopie der Antimoderne, 1900–1945. Berlin: Metropol, 2002. Print
   Google Scholar
• Protopopescu, Ion D. Pericolul Ovreesc. Craiova: Editura Ramuri, n.d. Print
   Google Scholar
• Puiu, Vissarion. Monăstirile din Basarabia. Chişinău: Tipografia de Editură Naṭională “Luceafărul”, 1919. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ralea, Mihail. “Rasputinism.” Viaţa românească. 20.12 (1928): 332–41. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ralea, Mihail. “Iarăşi ortodoxismul.” Viaţa românească. 21.7–8 (1929): 188–89. Print
   Google Scholar
• Rebreanu, Liviu. “Cine-i Nichifor Crainic.” Adevărul literar şi antiptic 5 Apr. 1931: 5. Print
   Google Scholar
• Rilke, Rainer Maria. Povestiri despre bunul Dumnezeu. Trans. Nichifor Crainic. Bucharest: Fundatṭia Culturala? Principele Carol, c. 1927. Print
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, Joanne. “The City of Bucharest, 1918–1940.” Diss. U College London, 2009. Print
   Google Scholar
• Sârghie, Anca. Din istoria presei româneşti. Sibiu: Techno Media, 2004. Print
   Google Scholar
• Schifirneṭ, Constantin. Geneza modernă a ideii naṭionale: Psihologie etnică şi identitate românească. Bucharest: Albatros, 2001. Print
   Google Scholar
• Shekhovtsov, Anton. “By Cross and Sword: ‘Clerical Fascism’ in Interwar Western Ukraine.” Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 8.2 (2007): 271–85. Print
   Google Scholar
• Solonari, Vladimir. Purifying the Nation: Population Exchange and Ethnic Cleansing in Nazi-Allied Romania. Baltimore: John Hopkins UP, 2010. Print
   Google Scholar
• Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print
   Google Scholar
• Tagore, Rabindranath. Sădhană: Calea Desăvârşirii. Trans. Nichifor Crainic. Bucharest: Editura Stress, 1922. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ţicu, Constantin I. “Naţionalism creştin.” Pastorul ortodox. 18.2 (1937): 293–96. Print
   Google Scholar
• Ursul, George R., “From Political Freedom to Religious Independence: The Romanian Orthodox Church, 1877 to 1925.” Romania Between East and West: Historical Essays in Memory of Constantin C. Giurescu, Eds. Stephen Fischer-Galati, Radu Florescu and George Ursul. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1982. 217–44. Print
   Google Scholar
• Verdery, Katherine. “National Ideology and National Character in Interwar Romania.” National Character and National Ideology in Interwar Eastern Europe, Ed. Katherine Verdery and Ivo Banac. New Haven: Yale Center for International and Area Studies, 1995. 103–34. Print
   Google Scholar
• Verhaeren, Émile. Belgia însângerată. Trans. Nichifor Crainic. Bucharest: Editura Facla, 1916. Print
   Google Scholar
• Vicovan, Ion. Ioan Irineu Mihălcescu: “Apostol al teologiei româneşti.” 2 vols. Iaşi: Trinitas, 2006. Print
   Google Scholar
• Volovici, Léon. Nationalist Ideology and Anti-Semitism: The Case of Romanian Intellectuals in the 1930s. Oxford: Pergamon, 1991. Print
   Google Scholar
• Vrabie, Gheorghe. Gândirismul: Istoric, doctrină, realizări. Bucharest: Editura Cugetarea, 1940. Print
   Google Scholar