Collective memory and reputational politics of national heroes and villains

References

• Alam, Asad. 2012. Fighting Corruption in Public Services: Chronicling Georgia’s Reforms. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/GEORGIAEXTN/Resources/9780821394755.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman, Derek H. 2002. “Street Names as Memorial Arenas: The Reputational Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr. in a Georgia County.” Historical Geography 30: 99–120.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman, Derek H. 2003. “Street Names and the Scaling of Memory: The Politics of Commemorating Martin Luther King, Jr. Within the African American Community.” Area 35 (2): 163–173. doi: 10.1111/1475-4762.00250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, Lincoln, Alexander Kukhianidze, Malkhaz Matsaberidze, and Valeri Dolidze. 1996. “Problems of Democratization in the Republic of Georgia.” Democratization 3 (4): 517–529. doi: 10.1080/13510349608403493
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Benedict. 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, Joshua D., and Jörn-Steffen Pischke. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist’s Companion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Assmann, Jan. 1995. “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity.” New German Critique 65: 125–133. doi: 10.2307/488538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahry, Donna. 1993. “Society Transformed? Rethinking the Social Roots of Perestroika.” Slavic Review 52 (3): 512–524. doi: 10.2307/2499722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakradze, Lasha. 2013. “Georgia and Stalin: Still Living with the Great Son of the Nation.” In The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion, edited by Thomas de Waal, 47–54. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Batiashvili, Nutsa. 2011. “The ‘Myth’ of the Self: The Georgian National Narrative and Quest for ‘Georgianness’.” In Memory and Political Change, edited by Aleida Assman and Linda Shortt, 186–200. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Beissinger, Mark R. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blauvelt, Timothy K. 2009. “Status Shift and Ethnic Mobilisation in the March 1956 Events in Georgia.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (4): 651–668. doi: 10.1080/09668130902826246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodnar, John. 1992. Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brisku, Adrian. 2016. “Renegotiating the Empire, Forging the Nation-State: The Georgian Case Through the Political Economic Thought of Niko Nikoladze and Noe Zhordania, C. 1870–1920.” Nationalities Papers 44 (2): 299–318. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2015.1102214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broers, Laurence. 2008. “Filling the Void: Ethnic Politics and Nationalities Policy in Post-Conflict Georgia.” Nationalities Papers 36 (2): 275–304. doi: 10.1080/00905990801934363
   Google Scholar
• Broers, Laurence. 2012. “‘Two Sons of One Mother’: Nested Identities and Centre-Periphery Politics in Post-Soviet Georgia.” In When the Elephant Broke Out of the Zoo: A Festschrift for Donald Rayfield, edited by Andreas Schonle, 234–267. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, Rogers. 1998. “Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism.” In National Self-determination and Secession, edited by Margaret Moore, 233–265. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheterian, Vicken. 2008. “Georgia’s Rose Revolution: Change or Repetition? Tension Between State-building and Modernization Projects.” Nationalities Papers 36 (4): 689–712. doi: 10.1080/00905990802230530
   Google Scholar
• Chubinishvili, Ketevan. 2009. Cultural Trauma, Memory and Post Soviet Georgia. Brno: Masaryk University.
   Google Scholar
• Civil Georgia. 2003. “New Deputy State Ministers Appointed.” Civil Georgia: Daily News Online, December 9. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=5778.
   Google Scholar
• Civil Georgia. 2004. “Late President’s Ally Released.” Civil Georgia: Daily News Online, May 10. http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=6908.
   Google Scholar
• Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Corning, Amy, Vladas Gaidys, and Howard Schuman. 2013. “Transformative Events and Generational Memory: A Case Study Over Time in Lithuania.” Sociological Forum 28 (2): 373–394. doi: 10.1111/socf.12023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CRRC. 2013. Caucasus Barometer Time-series Dataset Georgia. Tbilisi. http://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb-ge/codebook/.
   Google Scholar
• English, Robert. 2008. “Georgia: The Ignored History.” The New York Review of Books 55 (17). http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2008/11/06/georgia-the-ignored-history/.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbanks, Charles H. 2014. “Georgian Democracy: Seizing or Losing the Chance?” Journal of Democracy 25 (1): 154–165. doi: 10.1353/jod.2014.0014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbanks, Charles H., and Alexi Gugushvili. 2013. “A New Chance for Georgian Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 24 (1): 116–127. doi: 10.1353/jod.2013.0002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, Gary Alan. 1996. “Reputational Entrepreneurs and the Memory of Incompetence: Melting Supporters, Partisan Warriors, and Images of President Harding.” American Journal of Sociology 101 (5): 1159–1193. doi: 10.1086/230820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geer, John G. 1991. “Do Open-ended Questions Measure ‘Salient’ Issues?” The Public Opinion Quarterly 55 (3): 360–370. doi: 10.1086/269268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotfredsen, Katrine Bendtsen. 2014. “Void Pasts and Marginal Presents: On Nostalgia and Obsolete Futures in the Republic of Georgia.” Slavic Review 73 (2): 246–264. doi: 10.5612/slavicreview.73.2.246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grdzelidze, Tamara. 2010. “The Orthodox Church of Georgia: Challenges under Democracy and Freedom (1990–2009).” International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 10 (2–3): 160–175. doi: 10.1080/1474225X.2010.487719
   Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi. 2011. “Understanding Poverty in Georgia.” Caucasus Analytical Digest 34: 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi. 2012. Material Deprivation and the District Level Outcomes of the 2012 Parliamentary Elections in Georgia. Tbilisi: Center for Social Sciences, Applied Social Research Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi. 2015. “Self-interest, Perceptions of Transition and Welfare Preferences in the New Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus.” Europe-Asia Studies 67 (5): 718–746. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2015.1045451
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi. 2016. "'Money Can't Buy Me Land': Foreign Land Ownership Regime and Public Opinion in a Transition Society." Land Use Policy 55: 142–153. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi, Giorgi Babunashvili, Peter Kabachnik, Ana Kirvalidze, and Nino Rcheulishvili. 2015. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Contemporary Georgian Perspectives on Stalin and the Soviet Past. Tbilisi: Academic Swiss Caucasus Net (ASCN). http://www.stalintoday.com.
   Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi, and Peter Kabachnik. 2015. “Stalin Is Dead, Long Live Stalin? Testing Socialization, Structural, Ideological, Nationalist, and Gender Hypotheses.” Post-Soviet Affairs 31 (1): 1–36. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2014.940697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugushvili, Alexi, Peter Kabachnik, and Aaron H. Gilbreath. 2016. "Cartographies of Stalin: Place, Scale, and Reputational Politics." The Professional Geographer 68 (3): 356–367. doi: 10.1080/00330124.2015.1089104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanke, Katja, James H. Liu, Chris G. Sibley, Dario Paez, Stanley O. Gaines, Gail Moloney, Chan-Hoong Leong, et al. 2015. “‘Heroes’ and ‘Villains’ of World History across Cultures.” PloS One 10 (2): e0115641. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjerm, Mikael. 1998. “National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries.” Acta Sociologica 41 (4): 335–347. doi: 10.1177/000169939804100403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjerm, Mikael. 2003. “National Sentiments in Eastern and Western Europe.” Nationalities Papers 31 (4): 413–429. doi: 10.1080/0090599032000152933
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Stephen F. 1994. “Old Ghosts and New Chains: Ethnicity and Memory in the Georgian Republic.” In Memory, History, and Opposition under State Socialism, edited by Rubie S. Watson, 149–165. Sante Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Stephen F. 1997. “Georgia: The Trauma of Statehood.” In New States, New Politics: Building the Post-soviet Nations, edited by Ian Bremmer and Ray Taras, 505–543. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, Stephen F. 2006. “Georgia: Nationalism from under the Rubble.” In After Independence, edited by Lowell W. Barrington, 248–276. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, F. L., and Philip Smith. 2001. “Individual and Societal Bases of National Identity. A Comparative Multi-level Analysis.” European Sociological Review 17 (2): 103–118. doi: 10.1093/esr/17.2.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabachnik, Peter. 2012. “Wounds That Won’t Heal: Cartographic Anxieties and the Quest for Territorial Integrity in Georgia.” Central Asian Survey 31 (1): 45–60. doi: 10.1080/02634937.2012.647842
   Google Scholar
• Kabachnik, Peter, and Alexi Gugushvili. 2015. “Unconditional Love? Exploring Hometown Effect in Stalin’s Birthplace.” Caucasus Survey 3 (2): 101–123. doi: 10.1080/23761199.2015.1044305
   Google Scholar
• Kabachnik, Peter, Alexi Gugushvili, and David Jishkariani. 2015. “A Personality Cult’s Rise and Fall: Three Cities after Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ and the Stalin Monument That Never Was.” Region: Regional Studies of Russia, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia 4 (2): 309–326. doi: 10.1353/reg.2015.0015
   Google Scholar
• Kabachnik, Peter, Ana Kirvalidze, and Alexi Gugushvili. 2016. Stalin Today: Contending with the Soviet Past in Georgia. Tbilisi: Ilia State University.
   Google Scholar
• Kastellec, Jonathan P., and Eduardo L. Leoni. 2007. “Using Graphs Instead of Tables in Political Science.” Perspectives on Politics 5 (4): 755–771. doi: 10.1017/S1537592707072209
   Google Scholar
• Katchanovski, Ivan. 2010. “The Politics of Soviet and Nazi Genocides in Orange Ukraine.” Europe-Asia Studies 62 (6): 973–997. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2010.489265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katchanovski, Ivan. 2015. “Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics and Perceptions of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 48 (2–3): 217–228.
   Google Scholar
• Khatchadouri, Lori. 2008. “Making Nations from the Ground Up: Traditions in the South Caucasus Classical Archaeology.” American Journal of Archaeology 112 (2): 247–278. doi: 10.3764/aja.112.2.247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khinchagashvili, Shota. 2008. Post-Soviet Georgian Nationalism in the Context of Social Memory and Collective Trauma Theories. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Kinzer, Stephen. 1998. “Saguramo Journal; On the Tallest Pedestal, a Man for All Georgians.” The New York Times, May 7. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/07/world/saguramo-journal-on-the-tallest-pedestal-a-man-for-all-georgians.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kitaevich, Evgenia Jane. 2014. “History That Splinters: Education Reforms and Memory Politics in the Republic of Georgia.” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14 (2): 319–338. doi: 10.1080/14683857.2014.906089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunovich, Robert M. 2009. “The Sources and Consequences of National Identification.” American Sociological Review 74 (4): 573–593. doi: 10.1177/000312240907400404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidus, Gail W. 2002. “Ethnicity and State-building: Accommodating Ethnic Differences in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” In Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa in Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective, edited by Mark R. Beissinger and Crawford Young, 323–358. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leib, Jonathan I. 2002. “Separate Times, Shared Spaces: Arthur Ashe, Monument Avenue and the Politics of Richmond, Virginia’s Symbolic Landscape.” Cultural Geographies 9: 286–312. doi: 10.1191/1474474002eu250oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leib, Jonathan I. 2004. “Robert E. Lee, ‘Race,’ Representation and Redevelopment along Richmond, Virginia’s Canal Walk.” Southeastern Geographer 44: 236–262. doi: 10.1353/sgo.2004.0025
   Google Scholar
• Liebich, Andre, and Oksana Myshlovska. 2014. “Bandera: Memorialization and Commemoration.” Nationalities Papers 42 (5): 750–770. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2014.916666
   Google Scholar
• MacFarlane, Tim. 2015. “An Albino Rapper Son, a £30 m ‘Bond Villain Mansion’ and a Menagerie of Sharks, Zebras and Penguins: Inside the Weird World of the Factory Cleaner Turned Billionaire ‘Georgian Scaramanga’.” Daily Mail, June 15. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131175/Georgian-Scaramanga-Bidzina-Ivanishvili-albino-rapper-son-love-zebras-30million-Bond-villain-mansion-Tiblisi.html.
   Google Scholar
• Marples, David R. 2006. “Stepan Bandera: The Resurrection of a Ukrainian National Hero.” Europe-Asia Studies 58 (4): 555–566. doi: 10.1080/09668130600652118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples, David R. 2010. “Anti-Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian Memory.” East European Politics & Societies 24 (1): 26–43. doi: 10.1177/0888325409354908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mars, Gerald, and Yochanan Altman. 1983. “The Cultural Bases of Soviet Georgia’s Second Economy.” Soviet Studies 35 (4): 546–560. doi: 10.1080/09668138308411503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megoran, Nick. 2007. “On Researching ‘Ethnic Conflict’: Epistemology, Politics, and a Central Asian Boundary Dispute.” Europe-Asia Studies 59 (2): 253–277. doi: 10.1080/09668130601125585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson, Sarah E., and Theodore P. Gerber. 2006. “Failing the Stalin Test: Russians and Their Dictator.” Foreign Affairs 85 (1): 2–8. doi: 10.2307/20031837
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Lincoln A. 2009. “Compromising Democracy: State Building in Saakashvili’s Georgia.” Central Asian Survey 28 (2): 171–183. doi: 10.1080/02634930903034864
   Google Scholar
• Navarri, Luis, and Ian T. Woodward. 2011. Public Opinion in Georgia. Tbilisi: National Democratic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, Luis, and Ian T. Woodward. 2012. Public Attitudes in Georgia: Results of a June 2012 Survey Carried out for NDI by CRRC. Tbilisi: NDI Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 1996. “Political Turmoil in Georgia and the Ethnic Policies of Zviad Gamsakhurdia.” In Contested Borders in the Caucasus, edited by Bruno Coppieters, 73–89. Brussels: Vub Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 1998. “The Conflict in Abkhazia: National Projects and Political Circumstances.” In Georgians and Abkhazians: The Search for a Peace Settlement, edited by Bruno Coppieters, Ghia Nodia, and Yuri Anchabadze, 15–44. Köln: Sonderveröffentlichung/BIOst Okt.
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 2005. “Georgia: Dimensions of Insecurity.” In Statehood and Security: Georgia After the Rose Revolution, edited by B. Coppieters and R. Legvold, 39–82. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 2009. “Components of the Georgian National Idea: An Outline.” Identity Studies 1 (1): 84–101.
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 2012. “The August 2008 War: Main Consequences for Georgia and Its Conflicts.” Nationalities Papers 40 (5): 721–738. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2012.705270
   Google Scholar
• Nodia, Ghia. 2014. “The Values of the Georgian Supra: Nationalist or Nativist?” Ab Imperio 2014: 69–74. doi: 10.1353/imp.2014.0125
   Google Scholar
• Ó Beacháin, Donnacha, and Frederik Coene. 2014. “Go West: Georgia’s European Identity and Its Role in Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Objectives.” Nationalities Papers 42 (6): 923–941. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2014.953466
   Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin, John, Gerard Toal, and Vladimir Kolossov. 2008. “The Localized Geopolitics of Displacement and Return in Eastern Prigorodnyy Rayon, North Ossetia.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 49 (6): 635–669. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.49.6.635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, J. W. R. 1982. “National Integration in Soviet Georgia.” Soviet Studies 34 (4): 547–569. doi: 10.1080/09668138208411444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post, Chris. 2009. “Reputational Politics and the Symbolic Accretion of John Brown in Kansas.” Historical Geography 37: 92–113.
   Google Scholar
• Ratiani, Sergo. 2009. “The Modern Age and the Birth of Nation.” Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black Sea Region 1 (1): 22–35.
   Google Scholar
• Reddaway, Peter. 1975. “The Georgian Orthodox Church: Corruption and Renewal.” Religion in Communist Lands 3 (4–5): 14–23. doi: 10.1080/09637497508430727
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., and J. V. Wertsch. 2008. “Creating a New Discipline of Memory Studies.” Memory Studies 1 (1): 9–22. doi: 10.1177/1750698007083884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schueth, Samuel. 2012. “Apparatus of Capture: Fiscal State Formation in the Republic of Georgia.” Political Geography 31 (3): 133–143. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano, Silvia. 2014. “The Georgian Church.” Russian Politics and Law 52 (4): 74–92. doi: 10.2753/RUP1061-1940520404
   Google Scholar
• Shatirishvili, Zaza. 2009. “National Narratives and New Politics of Memory in Georgia.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 20 (2): 391–399. doi: 10.1080/09592310902975513
   Google Scholar
• Slade, Gavin. 2012. “No Country for Made Men: The Decline of the Mafia in Post-Soviet Georgia.” Law & Society Review 46 (3): 623–649. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00508.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slider, Darrell. 1991. “The Politics of Georgia’s Independence.” Problems of Communism 40 (6): 63–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumbadze, Nana. 2009. “Saakashvili in the Public Eye: What Public Opinion Polls Tell Us.” Central Asian Survey 28 (2): 185–197. doi: 10.1080/02634930903043725
   Google Scholar
• Suny, Ronald Grigor. 1993. The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suny, Ronald Grigor. 2006. “Nationalism, Nation Making, & the Postcolonial State of Asia, Africa, & Eurasia.” In After Independence, edited by Lowell W. Barrington, 279–295. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tevzadze, Gigi. 2009. “The Birth of the Georgian Nation. Identity and Ideology. Political and Societal Identities. Nationality and Religiosity.” Identity Studies in the Caucasus and the Black Sea Region 1 (1): 5–21.
   Google Scholar
• Verdery, Katherine. 1999. The Political Lives of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Waal, Thomas, ed. 2013. The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering Post-Soviet Public Opinion. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Wertsch, James V. 2002. Voices of Collective Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zedania, Giga. 2011. “Societal Values in Georgia: Twenty Years Later.” In 20 Years After the Collapse of Communism: Expectations, Achievements and Disillusions of 1989, edited by Nicolas Hayoz, Leszek Jesien, and Daniela Koleva, 253–272. Bern: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Zedania, Giga. 2012. “The Rise of Religious Nationalism in Georgia.” Identity Studies 3: 120–128. http://www.identitystudies.ac.ge/index.php/IStudies/article/view/38.
   Google Scholar
• Zinam, Oleg. 1974. “Georgians in Tsarist Russia and in the USSR.” Nationalities Papers 2 (2): 39–60. doi: 10.1080/00905997408407758
   Google Scholar