Monuments and memory: Immortalizing count M. N. Muraviev in Vilna, 1898

References

• Anderson , Benedict , ed. 1991 . "Memory and Forgetting" ” . In Imagined Communities, , 2nd edn , 199 – 200 . London : Verso . See the interesting discussion of Renan's statement in
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• Smirnov , A. F. 1963 . Vosstanie 1863 goda v Utve iBelorussii , Moscow : Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR . This clear dichotomy is considerably muddied by the fact that Soviet historiography, as we might expect, chose to glorify the 1863 Uprising as a noble struggle against Tsarist repression. For the best example of this line
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• On the Muraviev family, see Muravievy: rodoslovnaia: 1488-1893 (Revel': Tip. "Revel'skikh izvestii", 1893). A description of our hero's life and works is found on p. 14.
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• Kropotov , D. A. 1874 . Zhizn' grafa M. N. Muravieva, v sviazi s sobytiiami ego vremeni i do naznacheniia ego gubernatorom v Grodne , St Petersburg : Tip. V. Bezobrazova . Strangely, there exists no full biography of Muraviev. For his life up to 1832 in very great detail
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• Dolgorukov , Petr . 1864 . Mikhail Nikolaevich Muraviev , London : Imprimerie du Prince Pierre Dolgoroukow . For a rather more concise biographical account, see
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• Turtsevich , A. O. 1898 . "Graf Mikhail Nikolaevich Muraviev" ” . In Vilenskil kalendar': 1899 , 205 – 254 . Vil'na : Tip. ViI. S.-Dukhov. Bratstva . Here (p. 16) we find the famous anecdote about Muraviev, reminded of his relative Sergei Muraviev-Apostol, hanged in 1826 for his role in the Decembrist revolt, exclaiming, "I am not of the Muravievs who get hanged but of those who do the hanging." For a short, hagiographie biography occasioned by the construction of the monument itself
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• 1885 . "Vsepoddanneishaia zapiska Mogilevskogo grazhdanskogo gubernatora Murav'eva o nravstvennom polozhenii Mogilevskoi gubernii i o sposobakh sblizhenii onoi s Rossiiskoiu Imperieiu" "Chetyre politicheskie zapiski grafa Mikhaila Nikoleavicha Murav'eva Vilenskogo" . Russkii arkhiv , April : 161 – 175 .
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• Ibid., pp. 162-163.
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• Ibid., p. 169.
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• Ibid., pp. 172-173.
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• "Zapiska 1831 goda ob uchrezhdenii prilichnogo grazhdanskogo upravleniia v guberniiakh ot Pol'shi vozvrashchennykh i unichtozhenii nachal, naibolee sluzhivshikh k otchuzhdeniiu onykh ot Rossii," in ibid., pp. 175-186.
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• Ibid., pp. 183-184.
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• Ibid., p. 180.
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• Turtsevich , Ar. 1898 . Kratkii ocherk zhizni i deiatel'nosti Grafa M. N. Murav'eva , 18 – 19 . Vil'na : A. G. Syrkin .
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• Muraviev , Graf M. N. 1882 . "Zapiski ego o miatezhe v Severozapadnoi Rossii v 1863-1865 gg." . Russkaia starina , 30 ( 11 ) : 394 402 Muraviev's memoirs, published in Russkaia starina in installments from November 1882 to May 1883, provide a fascinating (if one-sided) account of these years in the Northwest provinces
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• Chukovsky , Kornei . 1977 . The Poet and the Hangman (Nekrasov and Muraviev) , Ann Arbor : Ardis . On this episode
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• 1898 . Podvig Murav'eva-nastol'naia kniga praviteliam i pravitel'stvam , 51 St Petersburg : A. Porokhovshchikov . For the text of Nekrasov's poem, see
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• Nikotin , I. V. 1905 . Iz zapisok Ivana Akimovicha Nikotina , 8 St Petersburg : "Obshchestvennaia pol'za" . The original of Nikotin's memoir may be found at the Lithuanian State Historical Archive, Vilnius (LVIA), f. 439, ap. 1, b. 136
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• Ibid., p. 41.
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• Ibid., pp. 72-73. Nazimov claims that Bishop Krasinski of Vilna encouraged these expressions of Polish patriotism within Catholic churches. For more on Krasinski's role in these events, see LVIA, f. 378, PS 1863, b. 293.
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• Butkovich , Ia. N. 1883 . "Iz moikh vospominanii" . Istoricheskii vestnik , 14 October : 103 Muraviev quoted in
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• Ibid., pp. 98-99.
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• Ibid., p. 105.
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• Wazynski , Aleksander . 1872 . Litwa pod wzglcdem przeiladowania w niej rzymsko-katoliddego koiciola. Szczegolniej w dyecezyi wilenskiej od roku 1863 do 1872 , Poznan : Naktadem ksiegarni Jana K. Zupanskiego . On the role of the Catholic clergy in the insurrection, and the measures and punishments meted out by the authorities afterwards, see LVIA, f. 378, PS 1863, bb. 1785, 1801. From the Polish and Catholic point of view
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• Mosolov , A. N. 1898 . Vilenskie ocherki 1863-1865 gg. (Mttrav'evskoe vremia) , 136 – 137 . St Petersburg : Tip. A. S. Suvorina .
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• Kornilov , I. 1908 . Russkoe delo v Severo-zapadnom krae. Materialy dlia istorii Vilenskogo uchebnogo okruga preimushchestvenno v Murav'evskuiu epokhu, 2nd edn , xi 381 – 462 . St Petersburg : A. S. Suvorin . Potapov is generally portrayed by Muraviev's supporters as more interested in wooing Polish opinion than in honestly furthering the Russian cause. See, for example
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• Mickiewicz was, of course, a native of the Lithuanian region (Litwa) and had studied in Wilno (Vil'na). The centenary of his birth would fall in 1898. For this occasion, sumptuous statues to honor the poet were erected in Warsaw and Cracow. On the unveiling of the Warsaw Mickiewicz monument, see Kraj, No. 51, 19/31 December 1898, especially pp. 919. The entire preceding issue of Kraj, No. 50, 12/24 December 1898, is dedicated to the Mickiewicz centenary.
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• Vinogradov , A. A. 1898 . Kak sozdalsia v g. Vil'ne Pamiatnik Grafu M. N. Murav'evu , 5 – 9 . Vilna : Tip. A. G. Syrkina .
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• A. T. 1897 . "Zakladka pamiatnika v Vil'ne grafu Mikhailu Nikolaevichu Muravievu," Vilenskii Kalendar'-1898 , 229 – 230 . Vilna : Tip. Vilenskogo Pravoslavnogo Sv.-Dukhov. Bratstva .
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• Kak sozdalsia …, pp. 29-49.
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• "Zakladka pamiatnika …", pp. 230-234.
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• Ibid., pp. 235-241.
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• Nikol'skii , V. G. , ed. 1904 . Illustrirovanyi katalog Muzeia grafa M. N. Murav'eva v g. Vil'ne , St Petersburg : Tov. R. Golike i A. Vil'borg . LVIA, f. 380, ap. 55, 1898, b. 692,1. 4. On the Muraviev museum, its aims and contents, see
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• Beletskii , A. , ed. 1906 . Sbornik dokumentov muzeia grafa M. N. Murav'eva , Vil'na : "Russkii pochin" .
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• Milovidov , A. I. 1913 . Arkhivnye materialy Murav'evskogo muzeia , Vil'na : Gubernskaia tipografiia . At the present time, the archival contents of the former Muraviev museum may be found in LVIA, f. 439
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• Milovidov , A. I. 1903 . Ustroistvo obshchestvennogo byta krest'ian Severo-Zapadnogo kraia pri grafe M. N. Murav'eve , Vil'na : Tip. Vilen. Sv.-Dukh. Bratstva . Ibid., 11. 11-18, 40. The idea of Muraviev as a pro-peasant radical may seem astonishing, but belonged to the traditional Russian-nationalist view. See, for example
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• Slezas , Paulius . 1933 . Muravjovo veikimas Lietuvoje 1863-1865 m. Kaunas For a Lithuanian view arguing that Murav'ev's policies helped Lithuanian peasants by repressing Polish cultural and economic hegemony, see n.p.
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• Official statistics some years later (but probably based on the 1897 census) claimed that 39.8 of Vilna's population was Jewish, 28.6 Polish, and 22.9 Russian (which would include, of course, Belarusians) Goroda Rossii v 1910 g. St Petersburg 1914), pp. 90-93). Polish statisticians saw the matter somewhat differently. Dividing up the population by religions, one statistic claimed that of the 151,482 inhabitants of Wilno in 1898, only 24,835 (16.4) were Orthodox while just over half of the population was Jewish (76,796) (cited in Kraj, No. 15, 9/21 April 1899, pp. 9-10).
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• 1991 . Straipsnai ir dokumentai , Kaunas : Sviesa . State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), Moscow, f. 215, op. 1, 1898, d. 95, 1. 24. This caricature is printed just before page 81 in Vida Girininkienè, 1863-1864 metai Lietuvoje
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• "Torzhestvo osviashcheniia i otkrytiia grafu M. N. Muravieva v ViFne" ” . In Vilenskii kalendar'-1899 332
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• Ibid., p. 287.
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