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Nationalities Papers
The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity
Volume 27, 1999 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

National identity and political legitimacy in Turkmenistan

Pages 271-290 | Published online: 19 Aug 2010

References

  • 1992 . Konstitutsiya Turbnenistana , Ashgabat : RIPO .
  • Database compiled for the project Leadership Politics in the Post-Communist Transition, ARC-funded project , 1993 – 1996 . Victoria , , Australia : La Trobe University .
  • 1992 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 23 June : 1
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 4 January : 2
  • 1994 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Daily Digest , 17 January
  • 1991 . "Okonchatel'noe reshenie primet s"ezd" [Final decision will be taken by the congress] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 20 November : 1
  • 1991 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 16 December : 1
  • 1995 . "Nash serdar-znamya Turkmenistana" [Our leader is the banner of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 15 February : 2 Interview with Ugulkurban Azimova, secretary of the DPT, Ashgabat on 8 August 1995; Onjuk Musaev (first secretary of the DPT) believes that "45 deputies to the MeJHs (95) are DPT members." See
  • 1992 . "Territoriya Geok-Tepinskoi kreposti-zapovednaya zona" [The territory of Gok-tepe fortress is a protected zone] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 15 January : 1
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 24 January : 2
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 21 February : 2
  • 1994 . "AktuaFnyi dialog: Saparmurat Turkmenbashi-chitateli 'Turkmenskoi iskry'" [Current dialogue: Saparmurat Turkmenbashi is a reader of Turkmenskaya Iskra] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 22 December : 1
  • 1995 . "Zasedanie kabineta Ministrov Turkmenistana" [Meeting of the cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 28 February : 1
  • 1992 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 26 May : 1 see presidential decree: Ukaz ob ustanovlenii ezhegodnogo prazdnika "Den" vozrozhdeniya i edinstva' [Decree on the establishment of the annual holiday "Day" of revival and unity]
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 5 March : 1
  • 1994 . "Slovo Prezidenta- zakon" [President's word is the law] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 25 July : 1
  • 1995 . "Zerno i produkty iz Rossii" [Grain and goods from Russia] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 5 May : 1
  • 1994 . "Vsenarodnyi prazdnik v Turkmenistane" [All-peoples' holiday in Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 19 February : 2
  • 1992 . "Zakon ob okhrane pamyatnikov istorii i kul'tury Turkmenistana" [Law on the protection of the historical and cultural monuments of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 6 March : 1
  • 1992 . Konstitutsiya Turkmenistana , Ashgabat : RIPO .
  • Dovgoryat , N. 1992 . "Glavnoe-stabil'nost' i mir" [The main issue is stability and peace] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 7 July : 1
  • 1992 . "Ukaz Prezidenta Turkmenistana o sozyve khalk maslakhaty" [Decree of President of Turkmenistan on the convention of khalq maslehaty] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 23 June : 1
  • 1994 . "Obrashchenie stareishin Turkmenistana-uchastnikov 5-go Maslakhata stareishin k narodu Turkmenistana" [Appeal of elders of Turkmenistan, participant ing in the 5th assembly of elders, to the people of Turkmenistan] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 13 September : 1
  • 1994 . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 17 January : 1
  • 1994 . "Sostav natsional'nogo soveta Dvizheniya natsional'nogo vozrozhdeniya" [Composition of the national council of the Movement for national revival] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 19 January : 1
  • 1994 . "Postanovlenie o sozdanii natsional'nogo upravleniya po okhrane, izuchaniyu i restavratsii pamyatnikov istorii i kul'tury respublika Turkmenistana" [Resolution about the formation of national management for the protection, study and preservation of historical and cultural monuments in the republic of Turkmenistan] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 30 July : 1
  • 1991 . "Na zemle ottsov" [On the land of our fathers] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 26 October : 1
  • Ataev , Kh. 1993 . Turhneny zarubezhnogo vostoka [Turhnens of foreign east] , Ashgabat : "Turkmenistan" .
  • Durdyev , Marat and Kadyrov , Shokhrat . 1991 . Turhneny mira [Turkmens of the world] , Ashgabat : Kharp .
  • Durdyev , Marat . 1992 . Turhneny kitaya [Turkmens of China] , Ashgabat : Turkmenskaya Akhaltekinskaya Assotsiatsiya .
  • 1993 . Turhneny Tsenral'noi Azii [Turkmens of Central Asia] , Ashgabat : Yurt .
  • 1992 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 11 June : 1
  • 1994 . "Saparmurat Turkmenbashi: 'Kazhdyi na svoem rabochem meste dolzhen trudit'sya prilezhno, chestno'" [Saparmurat Turkmenbashi: "Everyone at one's workplace must toil diligently, honestly"] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 13 December : 1
  • Ballyev , K. and Kakabaev , K. 1994 . "Bol'shoi gosudarstvennyi sovet" [The great government council] . Turhnenskaya Iskra , 1 August : 1
  • 1994 . "S velikoi gordost'yu za lyubimuyu Rodinu" [With great pride for our beloved motherland] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 11 November : 1
  • 1994 . "Informatsionnoe soobshchenie o zasedanii Medzhlisa Turkmenistana" [Information communication about the meeting of the Mejlis of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 24 September : 1
  • 1994 . "Obrashchenie stareishin Turkmenistana--uchastnikov 5-go Maslakhata stareishin k narodu Turkmenistana" [Appeal of elders of Turkmenistan-participants in the 5th assembly of elders to the people of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 13 September : 1
  • Karryev , A. 1966 . Is toriya Turkmenistana [History of Turkmenistan] , Ashkhabad : Izdatel'stvo Turkmenistan . See for example a production by the Turkmen Academy of Sciences
  • Sinor , Denis . 1990 . The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . The Parthian empire (second century BC to third century AD) extended from the Amudarya River in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south and incorporated most of present-day Afghanistan and eastern Anatolia. This empire was established by Aryan nomads in the province of Parthia. They spoke Argan, an Indo-European language. The ethnological roots of the Turkic population of the present-day Turkmenistan are not certain. But most scholars assume a link between the Turkic tribes of Mongolia, collectively known as Oghuz, in the fifth century and the Oghuz tribes that began to move down to the Steppeland of present-day Turkmenistan in the sixth century and onwards. However, the Oghuz of Turkmenistan may not be linear descendants of the Mongolian Oghuz. For detailed studies see
  • Knobloch , Edgar . 1972 . Beyond the Oxus: Archaeology. Arts and Architecture , London : Ernest Benn .
  • McGovern , William . 1939 . Early Empires of Central Asia , Chapel Hill : North Carolina University Press .
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 7, 8, 12 and 13 July
  • Yusupov , Kh. 1994 . "Nekropol' Khorezmshakhov" [Necropolis of Khorezmshahids] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 5 September : 2
  • Burkhanov , Albert . 1994 . "Nisa. Vstrecha tsvilizatsii" [Nisa. The meeting place of civilizations] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 11 July : 2
  • Durdyev , Marat . 1995 . "Parfyanskaya Nisa" [Parthian Nisa] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 16, 30 January : 2 6, 13 March, 24 April and 15 May
  • 1991 . Durdyev, Marat, Turkmeny , Ashkhabad : Kharp .
  • Christian , David . 1995 . "Marat Durdyiev and Turkmen Nationalism" ” . In Nationalism and Postcommunism , Edited by: Pavkovic , Aleksandar . Sydney : Dartmouth . Marat Durdyev rejects the Oghuz origin of Turkmene and traces Turkmens to the Iranian people of Parthia, diluted through the years by waves of nomadic migration from the east; Ibid. For a critique of his views see
  • Turkmenbashi , Saparmurat . 1994 . Address to the Peoples of Turkmenistan 37
  • 1974 . Polveka v sem'e edinoi [Half a century in a united family] , 38 Ashkhabad : Izdatel'stvo Turkmenistan . Muhammadnazar Gapurov, first secretary of the CPT, 1969-1985, wrote about the close relationship between Russians and Turkmens, paying homage to Russians who brought industry and "progressive thought" to Turkmens. He mentioned nothing about the battle of Gok-tepe
  • Aleksanyants , N. 1994 . "Istoriya Turkmenistana: novyi vzglyad" [History of Turkmenistan: new perspective] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 December : 2
  • 1996 . Turkmenistan v XX veke (probely i problemy) [Turkmenistan in the 20th century-deficiencies and problems] 111 Bergen , , Norway Shokhrat Kadyrov argues that administrative boundaries often correspond with tribal "territory," hence: the Akhal-Teke tribe in the Ashgabat velayat, the Mary-Teke in the Mary velayaf, the western Yumot in the Krasnovodsk velayat, the northern Yumot in the Tashauz velayat, and the Ersari in the Charjou velayat. See his
  • Turkmenbashi , Saparmurat . 1994 . Address to the Peoples of Turkmenistan 6
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 4 April : 2
  • Gapurov , M. 1973 . "Ideologicheskuyu rabotu-na uroven' sovremennykh trebovanii partii" [Ideological work is on the level of contemporary demands of the party] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 April : 1 – 2 .
  • 1992 . "Na 'Mersedese' cherez barkhany ne proidesh'" [A Mercedes cannot drive over sand-hills] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 5 November : 2 President Niyazov described his attitude to Islam and secularism. Thus: "Islam defines social life in Turkmenistan. Yes, the great majority of Turkmens are Muslims. But Islam is not raised to the level of state politics. Church and state are separate in Turkmenistan."
  • 1992 . "Na svyashchennoi zemle mekki i mediny" [On the holy land of Mecca and Medina] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 29 May : 4 The following month the Russian-language republican daily carried a full-page summary on the importance of haj in Islam
  • 1992 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 26 May : 1
  • 1992 . "Kurban bairam-prazdnik narodnyi" [Kurban bairam is the people's holiday] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 14 June : 1
  • Kurbanova , A. 1992 . "Ot vorot mira- k domu soglasiya" [From the gates of peace to the house of consensus] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 22 June : 2
  • 1994 . "Prezident Turkmenistana prinyal uchastie v otkrytii novoi mecheti" [President of Turkmenistan took part in the opening of a new mosque] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 25 October : 1
  • 1994 . "Soveshchanie kaziata Turkmenistana" [Meeting of the kaziyat of Turkmenistan] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 February : 1
  • Oveznepesov , S. 1995 . "Svobodny v vybore religii" [Freedom in the choice of religion] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 June : 2
  • 1992 . "Zaregistrirovan Kaziat" [Kaziyat registered] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 June : 1
  • 1992 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 3 June : 1
  • 1992 . "Turkmenistan ne budet ni kommunisticheskim, ni islamskim" [Turkmenistan will not be Communist, nor Islamic] . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 24 February : 1
  • 1994 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 21 April : 1
  • 1995 . Turkmenskaya Iskra , 22 June : 1
  • Motyl , Alexander J. , ed. 1995 . "Nationalism in the Vacuum" ” . In Thinking Theoretically about Soviet Nationalities , New York : Columbia . For Ernest Gellner's account of the predisposition of republican leaders to nationalism in the wake of the Soviet collapse, see

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