An Erosion Model of Employee Turnover Based on Network Centrality

* Indicates studies included in the meta-analysis.

• *Allen , D. G. , Shore , L. M. and Griffeth , R. W. 2003 . The role of perceived organizational support supportive human resource practices in the turnover process . Journal of Management , 29 : 99 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apker , J. and Ray , E. B. 2003 . “ Stress and social support in health care organizations ” . In Handbook of health communication , Edited by: Thompson , T. , Dorsey , A. , Miller , K. and Parrott , R. A. 347 – 368 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , T. T. , Bedell , M. D. and Johnson , J. L. 1997 . The social fabric of a team-based MBA program: Network effects on student satisfaction and performance . Academy of Management Journal , 40 : 1369 – 1397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavelas , A. 1950 . Communication patterns in task oriented groups . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 22 : 272 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotheridge , C. M. 2001 . A comparison of alternative models of coping: Identifying relationships among coworker support, workload, and emotional exhaustion in the workplace . International Journal of Stress Management , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Brough , P. and Frame , R. 2004 . Predicting police job satisfaction and turnover intentions: The role of social support and police organizational variables . New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 33 : 8 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campion , M. A. 1991 . Meaning and measurement of turnover: Comparison of alternative measures and recommendations for research . Journal of Applied Psychology , 76 : 199 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , R. D. , Cobb , S. , French , J. R. P. Jr , Harrison , R. V. , & Pinneau , S. R. Jr 1975 . Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences (US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare HEW Publication No. 75-160) . Ann Arbor, MI : Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• Castle , N. G. 2005 . Turnover begets turnover . The Gerontologist , 45 : 186 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaburu , D. S. and Harrison , D. A. 2008 . Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of coworker effects on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 93 : 1082 – 1103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb , S. 1976 . Social support as a moderator of life stress . Psychosomatic Medicine , 38 : 300 – 314 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , A. 1993 . Organization commitment and turnover: A meta-analysis . Academy of Management Journal , 36 : 1140 – 1157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. and Cohen , P. 1983 . Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for behavioral sciences , 2nd ed , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. and Wills , T. A. 1985 . Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis . Psychological Bulletin , 98 : 310 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , H. and Hedges , L. V. 1994 . Research synthesis as a scientific enterprise , New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , S. A. 1999 . Group communication and employee turnover: How coworkers encourage peers to voluntarily exit . Southern Communication Journal , 64 : 181 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• *Cummings , A. 1997 . The radicalness of employee ideas: An integrated model of co-worker networks and problem-solving styles . Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
   Google Scholar
• Dalton , D. R. , Krackhardt , D. M. and Porter , L. W. 1981 . Functional turnover: An empirical assessment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 66 : 716 – 721 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Dupre , K. E. and Day , A. L. 2007 . The effects of supportive management and job quality on the turnover intentions and health of military personnel . Human Resource Management , 46 : 185 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Feeley , T. H. 2000 . Testing a communication network model of employee turnover based on centrality . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 28 : 262 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley , T. H. 2003 . Using the theory of reasoned action to model retention in rural primary care physicians . Journal of Rural Health , 19 : 245 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley , T. H. , Anker , E. A. , Castle , N. G. , & Degenholtz , H. B. 2008 November . Peer networks predict turnover in nursing home administrators . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association , San Diego , CA .
   Google Scholar
• *Feeley , T. H. and Barnett , G. A. 1997 . Predicting employee turnover from communication networks . Human Communication Research , 23 : 370 – 387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Feeley , T. H. , Hwang , J. and Barnett , G. A. 2008 . Predicting employee turnover from friendship networks . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 36 : 56 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. 2001 . Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed- and random-effects methods . Psychological Methods , 6 : 161 – 180 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. P. 2003 . The problems in using fixed-effects models of meta-analysis on real-world data . Understanding Statistics , 2 ( 2 ) : 105 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Fishebein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , L. C. 1979 . Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification . Social Networks , 1 : 215 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Friedman , R. A. and Holtom , B. 2002 . The effects of network groups on minority employee turnover intentions . Human Resource Management , 41 : 405 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granovetter , M. S. 1973 . The strength of weak ties . American Journal of Sociology , 78 : 1360 – 1380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges , L. V. and Vevea , J. L. 1998 . Fixed- and random- effects models in meta-analysis . Psychological Methods , 3 : 486 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heider , F. 1958 . The psychology of interpersonal relations , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hess , J. A. 2000 . Maintaining nonvoluntary relationships with disliked partners: An investigation into the use of distancing behavior . Human Communication Research , 26 : 458 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , J. E. , Schmidt , F. L. and Jackson , G. B. 1982 . Metaanalysis: Cumulating research findings across studies , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jablin , F. M. 1987 . “ Organizational entry, assimilation, and exit ” . In Handbook of organizational communication: An interdisciplinary perspective , Edited by: Jablin , F. M. , Putnam , L. L. , Roberts , K. H. and Porter , L. M. 679 – 740 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jablin , F. M. 2001 . “ Organization entry, assimilation, and disengagement/exit ” . In The new handbook of organizational communication: Advances in theory, research, and methods , Edited by: Jablin , F. M. and Putnam , L. L. 732 – 818 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , D. and Kahn , R. L. 1978 . The social psychology of organizations , 2nd ed , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• *Kim , H. and Stoner , M. 2008 . Burnout and turnover intention among social workers: Effects of role stress, job autonomy, and social support . Administration in Social Work , 32 : 5 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Krackhardt , D. and Porter , L. W. 1985 . When friends leave: A structural analysis of the relationship between turnover and stayers' attitudes . Administrative Science Quarterly , 30 : 242 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krackhardt , D. M. and Porter , L. W. 1986 . The snowball effect: Turnover embedded in communication networks . Journal of Applied Psychology , 71 : 50 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kram , K. E. and Isabella , L. A. 1985 . Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development . Academy of Management Journal , 28 : 110 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Krausz , M. , Yaakobovitz , N. , Bizman , A. and Caspi , T. 1999 . Evaluation of coworker turnover outcomes and its impact on the intention to leave of the remaining employees . Journal of Business and Psychology , 14 : 95 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leavitt , H. J. 1951 . Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 46 : 38 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Lee , P. C. B. 2004 . Social support and leaving intention among computer professionals . Information and Management , 41 : 323 – 334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R. T. and Ashforth , B. E. 1996 . A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 : 123 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey , M. W. and Wilson , D. B. 2001 . Practical meta-analysis , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lorrain , F. P. and White , H. C. 1971 . Structural equivalence of individuals in social networks . Journal of Mathematical Sociology , 1 : 49 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• *Maertz , C. P. , Griffeth , R. W. , Campbell , N. S. and Allen , D. G. 2007 . The effects of perceived organizational support and perceived supervisor support on employee turnover . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 28 : 1059 – 1075 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , A. A. and Stohl , C. 1993 . Participating as participation: A network approach . Communication Monographs , 60 : 137 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maslow , A. 1972 . The farther reaches of human nature , New York : Viking Press .
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh , P. 2008 . Choosing a career in changing times . Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http://www.america.gov/st/educ-english/2008/December/20081209151101cmretrop0.6257898.html
   Google Scholar
• McKay , D. R. 2006 . How often to people change careers? Retrieved January 19, 2009, from http://careerplanning.about.com/b/2006/07/28/how-often-do-people-change-careers.htm
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , J. M. , Popielarz , P. A. and Drobnic , S. 1992 . Social networks and organizational dynamics . American Sociology Review , 57 : 153 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobley , W. H. , Griffeth , R. W. , Hand , H. H. and Meglino , B. M. 1979 . Review and conceptual analysis of the employee turnover process . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 493 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monge , P. R. , & Contractor , N. S. 1999 . Emergence of communication networks . In F. M. Jablin & L. L. Putnam Handbook of organizational communication , 2nd ed 441 501 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Monge , P. R. , Edwards , J. A. and Kirste , K. K. 1983 . Determinants of communication network involvement: Connectedness and integration . Group and Organization Studies , 8 : 83 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Mor Barak , M. E. , Travis , D. J. , Pyun , H. and Xie , B. 2009 . The impact of supervision on worker outcomes: A meta-analysis . Social Service Review , 83 : 3 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Morrison , R. 2004 . Informal relationship in the workplace: Associations with job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intentions . New Zealand Journal of Psychology , 33 : 114 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Mossholder , K. W. , Settoon , R. P. and Henagan , S. C. 2005 . A relational perspective on turnover: Examining structural, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors . Academy of Management Journal , 48 : 607 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Moynihan , D. P. and Pandey , S. K. 2007 . The ties that bind: Social networks, person-organization value fit, and turnover intention . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 18 : 205 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , B. , Johnson , C. and Salas , E. 1991 . Effects of communication networks structure: Components of positional centrality . Social Networks , 13 : 169 – 186 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , J. 2006 . My secret life on the McJob: Lessons from behind the counter guaranteed to supersize any management style , 4th ed , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• *Nissly , J. A. , Mor Barak , M. E. and Levin , A. 2005 . Stress, social support, and workers' intentions to leave their jobs in public child welfare . Administration in Social Work , 29 : 79 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , G. T. 2003 . Examining the effects of coping and social support on work and life stress among police officers . Journal of Criminal Justice , 31 : 215 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , J. 1993 . Organizational demography: Implications for management . Research in Organizational Behavior , 5 : 299 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Popielarz , P. A. and McPherson , J. M. 1995 . On the edge or in between: Niche position, niche overlap, and the duration of voluntary association memberships . American Journal of Sociology , 101 : 698 – 720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Randall , M. L. , Cropanzano , R. , Bormann , C. A. and Birjulin , A. 1999 . Organizational politics and organizational support as predictors of work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 20 : 159 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Randel , A. E. and Ranft , A. L. 2007 . Motivations to maintain social ties with coworkers: The moderating role of turnover intentions on information exchange . Group and Organization Management , 32 : 208 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ray , E. B. and Miller , K. I. 1991 . The influence of communication structure and social support on job stress and burnout . Management Communication Quarterly , 4 : 506 – 527 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. M. and Kincaid , D. L. 1981 . Communication networks: Toward a new paradigm for research , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1979 . The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results . Psychological Bulletin , 86 : 638 – 641 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , R. 1995 . Writing meta-analytic reviews . Psychological Bulletin , 118 : 183 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Scott , C. R. , Connaughton , S. L. , Diaz-Saenz , H. R. , Maguire , K. , Ramirez , R. Richardson , B. 1999 . The impacts of communication and multiple identifications on intent to leave: A multimethodological exploration . Management Communication Quarterly , 12 : 400 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• *Settoon , R. P. 1997 . A comparative analysis of four motivational bases of helping forms of organizational citizenship behavior . Academy of Strategic and Organizational Leadership Journal , 1 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• *Settoon , R. P. and Mossholder , K. W. 2002 . Relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of person- and task-focused interpersonal citizenship behavior . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 255 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , P. P. 2000 . Network destruction: The structural implications of downsizing . Academy of Management Journal , 43 : 101 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sias , P. M. 2005 . Workplace relationship quality and employee information experiences . Communication Studies , 56 : 375 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Sias , P. M. and Cahill , D. J. 1998 . From coworkers to friends: The development of peer friendships in the workplace . Western Journal of Communication , 62 ( 3 ) : 273 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sias , P. M. and Perry , T. 2004 . Disengaging from workplace relationships . Human Communication Research , 30 : 589 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Simons , K. V. and Jankowski , T. B. 2008 . Factors influencing nursing home social workers' intentions to quit employment . Administration in Social Work , 32 : 5 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• *Sparrowe , R. T. and Liden , R. C. 2005 . Two routes to influence: Integrating leader-member exchange and social network perspectives . Administrative Science Quarterly , 50 : 505 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susskind , A. M. 2007 . Downsizing survivors' communication networks and reactions: A longitudinal examination of information flow and turnover intentions . Communication Research , 34 : 156 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susskind , A. M. , Miller , V. D. and Johnson , J. D. 1998 . Downsizing and structural holes: Their impact on layoff survivors' perceptions of organizational chaos and openness to change . Communication Research , 25 : 30 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Suzuki , E. , Itomine , I. , Kanoya , Y. , Katsuki , T. , Horii , S. and Sato , C. 2006 . Factors affecting rapid turnover of novice nurses in university hospitals . Journal of Occupational Health , 48 : 49 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tett , R. P. and Meyer , J. P. 1993 . Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings . Personal Psychology , 46 : 259 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui , A. S. , Egan , T D. and O'Reilly , C. A. 1992 . Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment . Administrative Science Quarterly , 37 : 549 – 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui , A. S. and O'Reilly , C. A. 1989 . Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads . Academy of Management Journal , 32 : 402 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Department of Labor (US DOL) . 2009 . Job openings and labor turnover: November 2008 (Bureau of Labor Statistics Publication No. USDL 09-31). Retrieved January 19, 2009, from, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/jolts.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Van Manaan , J. 1978 . People processing: Strategies of organizational socialization . Organizational Dynamics , 7 : 8 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman , S. and Faust , K. 1994 . Social network analysis: Methods and applications , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , B. and Frank , K. 2001 . “ Network capital in a multi-level world: Getting support from personal communities ” . In Social capital: Theory and research , Edited by: Lin , N. , Cook , K. and Burt , R. 233 – 273 . Chicago : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar