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Original Articles

Violence on television: Some cross‐time and cross‐cultural comparisons

Pages 65-74 | Published online: 21 May 2009

References

  • National Commission on Causes and Prevention of Violence (NCCPV) . 1970 . To ESTABLISH JUSTICE AND INSURE DOMESTIC TRANQUILITY , 162 New York : Bantam Books .
  • IBID., p. 161.
  • As Robert Baker and Sandra Ball (1969, p. 332) note that a representative sample of adult Americans responded as follows to a Violence Commission survey: 59% felt there was TOO MUCH violence on television; 32% felt there was a REASONABLE AMOUNT; 4% felt there was VERY LITTLE; and 4% were NOT SURE.
  • Arnold , Arnold . 1969 . VIOLENCE AND YOUR CHILD , 107 New York : Award Books .
  • Gerbner , George . 1972 . “Violence in Television Drama: Trends and Symbolic Functions” . In TELEVISION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR , Edited by: Comstock and Rubenstein . Vol. 1 , 28 – 187 . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government .
  • Halloran , James D. and Croll , Paul . 1972 . “Television programs in Great Britain: Content and Control” . In TELEVISION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR , Edited by: Comstock and Rubenstein . Vol. 1 , 415 – 492 . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government .
  • Gerbner, p. 31.
  • Elsey , Michael F. 1969 . “Variations in Generalizability Resulting from Sampling Characteristics of Content Analysis: A Case Study” . University of Pennsylvania . Unpublished manuscript,
  • As Gerbner has noted: The solid‐week sample has been demonstrated to be at least as generalizable to a year's programming as larger randomly selected samples. In a sampling experiment...a sample of 365 programs was constructed according to the parameters of (a solid week) sample, except that it was drawn according to a one‐program‐per‐day random selection procedure, for a calendar year...There proved to be no significant differences in proportions along the dimensions of program style, format, type, and tone...between the experimental and solid‐week samples. (p. 167).
  • Clark , David G. and Blankenburg , William B. 1971 . “Trends in Violent Content in Selected Mass Media” . In TELEVISION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR , Edited by: Comstock and Rubenstein . Vol. 1 , 188 – 243 . Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government .
  • Baker , Robert and Ball , Sandra . 1969 . MASS MEDIA AND VIOLENCE: A STAFF REPORT TO THE NATIONAL COMMISSION OF THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE , Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government . For an interesting analysis of violence portrayed in commercials, see:
  • Holsti , O. 1963 . CONTENT ANALYSIS , Evanston : Northwestern University Press .
  • Cartoons generally contain the most episodes of violence (usually sever per program), while comedies contain the fewest (around three per program). Cartoons use violence to attract and maintain the attention of the youngsters who form their audience. Since cartoons relatively short plots—or series of plots—they contain more introductions, climaxes, and conclusions than other types of programs. These frequent climaxes allegedly require the use of more violence than would be necessary if cartoons had longer, more complicated plots.
  • Baker and Ball, p. 321.
  • Stark , Rodney and McEnvoy , James . “Middle Class Violence” . PSYCHOLOGY TODAY , 4 52 – 54 . 110 – 112 .
  • Newton , George and Zimring , Franklin . 1969 . FIREARM AND VIOLENCE IN AMERICAN LIFE , 121 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government .
  • Prosterman , Roy L. 1972 . SURVIVING TO 3000 , 3 Belmont : Duxbury Press .
  • Robin , Gerald D. 1963 . “Justifiable Homocide by Police Officers” . JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICE SCIENCE , 54 : 225 – 231 .
  • 1970 . VARIETY , July 20 : 2
  • Schonborn , Karl . 1975 . DEALING WITH VIOLENCE: THE CHALLENGE FACED BY POLICE AND OTHER PEACEKEEPERS , Springfield : Charles C. Thomas .

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