Intra‐party political debates and issue learning

References

• Axelrod , R. 1972 . Where the voters came from: An analysis of electoral coalitions, 1952–1968 . American Political Science Review , 66 : 11 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , K. L. and Norpoth , H. 1981 . Candidates on television: The 1972 electoral debates in West Germany . Public Opinion Quarterly , 45 : 329 – 345 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. , Sobowale , I. A. , Cobbey , R. E. and Eyal , C. H. 1980 . “ Debates’ effects on voters’ understanding of candidates and issues ” . In The presidential debates: Media, electoral, and policy perspectives , Edited by: Bishop , G. F. , Meadow , R. G. and Jackson‐Beeck , M. 126 – 139 . New York : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , G. F. , Oldendick , R. W. and Tuchfarber , A. J. 1978 . Debate watching and the acquisition of political knowledge . Journal of Communication , 28 : 99 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer , L. and Reuter , T. 1980 . Carter vs. Ford: The counterfeit debates of 1976 , Madison : The University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , R. W. 1972 . Rejoinder to “comment”; by Richard A. Brody, Benjamin I. Page and John H. Kessel . The American Political Science Review , 66 : 468 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Brody , R. A. and Page , B. I. 1972 . Comment: An assessment of policy voting . The American Political Science Review , 66 : 450 – 458 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. 1978 . Presidential debates—Are they helpful to voters? . Communication Monographs , 45 : 330 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cragen , J. F. , Georgevich , C. G. and Schmidt , H. How professional campaign rhetoric played in Illinois in 1984 . Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association annual convention . Chicago, IL. November ,
   Google Scholar
• Day , D. G. 1966 . The ethics of democratic debate . The Central States Speech Journal , 17 : 5 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devries , W. and Tarrance , V. L. 1972 . The ticket‐splitters: A new force in American politics , Grand Rapids : William B. Eedmans Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Ellsworth , J. W. 1965 . Rationality and campaigning: A content analysis of the 1960 presidential campaign debates . The Western Political Quarterly , 43 : 794 – 802 .
   Google Scholar
• Glenn , N. D. and Grimes , M. 1968 . Aging, voting and political interest . American Sociological Review , 33 : 563 – 575 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. 1984 . Processing the news: How people tame the information tide , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. and Kim , Y. Y. 1978 . “ Why John Q. Voter did not learn much from the 1976 presidential debates ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: Rubin , B. D. Vol. 2 , 407 – 421 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
   Google Scholar
• Hagner , P. R. and Rieselbach , L. N. 1980 . “ The impact of the 1976 presidential debates ” . In The presidential debates: Media, electoral, and policy perspectives , Edited by: Bishop , G. F. , Meadow , R. G. and Jackson‐Beeck , M. 157 – 178 . New York : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Harsch , J. C. 1984 . Values in the debates . The Christian Science Monitor , October : 14
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E. and Feldman , J. J. 1962 . “ The debates in the light of research: A survey of surveys ” . In The process and effects of mass communication , Edited by: Schramm , W. and Roberts , D. F. 701 – 753 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. 1960 . Political campaigning: Problems in creating an informed electorate , Washington : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Kelley , S. 1962 . Campaign debates: Some facts and issues . The Public Opinion Quarterly , 26 : 351 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennamer , J. D. and Chaffee , S. H. 1982 . “ Communication of political information during early presidential primaries: Cognition, affect, and uncertainty ” . In Communication yearbook , Edited by: Bur‐goon , M. Vol. 5 , 627 – 650 . New Brunswick, NJ : Transaction Books .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , G. E. and Lang , K. 1980 . “ The formation of public opinion: Direct and mediated effects of the first debate ” . In The presidential debates: Media, electoral, and policy perspectives , Edited by: Bishop , G. F. , Meadow , R. G. and Jackson‐Beeck , M. 61 – 80 . New York : Praeger Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Leuthold , D. and Valentine , D. 1981 . How Reagan won the Cleveland debate: Audience predispositions and presidential debate winners . Speaker and Gavel , 18 : 60 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Lippmann , W. 1955 . The public philosophy , New York : New American Library .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Durait , J. , Ziemke , D. and Bybee , C. 1979 . “ Expanding the context of effects ” . In The great debates: Carter vs. Ford 1976 , Edited by: Kraus , S. 348 – 367 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , A. H. and MacKuen , M. 1979 . “ Informing the electorate: A national study ” . In The graet debates: Carter vs. Ford 1976 , Edited by: Kraus , S. 269 – 297 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , W. E. and Levitin , T. E. 1976 . Leadership and change , Cambridge : Winthrop Publishers, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Nie , N. H. and Anderson , K. 1976 . “ Mass belief systems revisited: Political change and attitude structure ” . In Political opinion and behavior: Essays and studies , 3rd ed. , Edited by: Dryer , E. C. and Rosenbaum , W. A. 289 – 324 . North Scituate : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nie , N. H. , Verba , S. and Petrocik , J. R. 1976 . The changing American voter , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , G. J. and Liu , J. 1980 . First‐time voters: Do media matter? . Journal of Communication , 30 Autumn : 122 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Keefe , G. J. and Mendelsohn , H. 1978 . “ Nonvoting: The media's role ” . In Deviance and mass media , Edited by: Winick , C. 263 – 286 . Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. 1983 . Criteria and format to optimize political debates: An analysis of South Dakota's “Election 80”; series . Journal of the American Forensic Association , 19 : 205 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M. 1984 . A comparative assessment of intra‐party political debate formats . Political Communication Review , 9 : 1 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Pierce , J. C. and Sullivan , J. L. 1980 . The electorate reconsidered , Beverly Hills : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pomper , G. M. 1972a . From confusion to clarity: Issues and American voters, 1956–1968 . The American Political Science Review , 66 : 415 – 428 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomper , G. M. 1972b . Rejoinder to “comments”; by Richard A. Brody and Benjamin I. Page and John H. Kessel . The American Political Science Review , 66 : 466 – 467 .
   Google Scholar
• Pomper , G. M. 1975 . Voters choice: Varieties of American electoral behavior , New York : Harper & Row, Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Pomper , G. M. and Lederman , S. S. 1980 . Elections in America: Control and influence in democratic politics , 2nd ed. , New York : Longman, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Ranney , A. 1979 . “ Preface ” . In The past and future of presidential debates , Edited by: Ranney , A. Washington, DC : American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research .
   Google Scholar
• Repass , D. E. 1971 . Issue salience and party choice . American Political Science Review , 65 : 389 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. and Holm , J. 1980 . Ideologial voting is alive and well . Public Opinion , April/May : 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Simons , H. W. and Liebowitz , K. 1979 . “ Shifts in candidate images ” . In The great debates: Carter vs. Ford 1976 , Edited by: Kraus , S. 398 – 404 . Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vancil , D. L. and Pendell , S. D. 1984 . Winning presidential debates: An analysis of criteria influencing audience response . The Western Journal of Speech Communication , 48 : 62 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Weisberg , H. F. and Rusk , J. G. 1970 . Dimensions of candidate evaluation . The American Political Science Review , 64 : 1167 – 1185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar