Age stereotypes and patronizing messages: Features of age‐adapted speech in technical instructions to the elderly

References

• Balazs , A. L. 1995 . “ Marketing to the elderly. ” . In Handbook of communication and aging research , Edited by: Nussbaum , J. F. and Coupland , J. 263 – 284 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Banzinger , G. and Drevenstedt , J. 1982 . Achievement attributions by young and old judges as a function of perceived age of stimulus person. . Journal of Gerontology , 37 : 468 – 474 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breakwell , G. M. and Fife‐Shaw , C. 1988 . Aging and the impact of new technology. . Social Behaviour , 3 : 119 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , M. B. , Dull , V. and Lui , L. 1981 . Perceptions of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 41 : 656 – 670 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brickfield , C. F. 1983 . “ Attitudes and perceptions of older people toward technology. ” . In Aging and technological advances , Edited by: Robertson , P. K. , Livingston , J. and Birren , J. E. 31 – 38 . New York/London : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon , J. , Olney , C. and Coker , R. 1987 . The effects of communicator characteristics on patterns on reciprocity and compensation. . Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour , 11 : 146 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caporael , L. R. 1981 . The paralanguage of caregiving: Baby talk to the institutionalized aged. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 876 – 884 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland , N. , Coupland , J. and Giles , H. 1991 . Language, society and the elderly: Discourse, identity and ageing. , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Coupland , N. , Coupland , J. , Giles , H. and Henwood , K. 1988 . Accommodating the elderly: Invoking and extending a theory. . Language in Society , 17 : 1 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , M. 1995 . Talking difference: On gender and language. , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fiehler , R. 1996 . Die Linguistik und das Alter. . Der Sprachreport , 1 : 1 – 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiehler , R. 1997 . “ Kommunikation im Alter und ihre sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse. Gibt es einen Kommunikationsstil des Alters? ” . In Sprech‐ und Gespraechsstile , Edited by: Sandig , B. and Selting , M. 345 – 370 . Berlin/New York : Walter de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Fiehler , R. and Thimm , C. Sprache und Kommunikation im Alter. , Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , S. T. and Neuberg , S. L. 1990 . “ A continuum model of impression formation, from category‐based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation an attention and interpretation. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology, 23 , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. 1 – 74 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giles , H. and Condor , S. 1988 . Ageing, technology and society: An introduction and future priorities. . Social Behaviour , 3 : 59 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Grainger , K. 1993 . “That's a lovely bath dear”: Reality construction in the discourse of elderly care. . Journal of Aging Studies , 7 : 263 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grainger , K. 1995 . “ Communication and the institutionalized elderly. ” . In Handbook of communication and aging research , Edited by: Nussbaum , J. F. and Coupland , J. 417 – 436 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Graumann , C. F. 1995 . Discriminatory discourse. . Patterns of Prejudice , 29 : 69 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Harwood , J. , Giles , H. , Fox , S. , Ryan , E. B. and Williams , A. 1993 . Patronizing young and elderly adults: Response strategies in a community setting. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 21 : 211 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. 1990 . Hedges and boosters in women's and men's speech. . Language and Communication , 9 : 185 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummert , M. L. 1990 . Multiple stereotypes of elderly and young adults: A comparison of structure and evaluations. . Psychology and Aging , 5 : 182 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hummert , M. L. 1994 . “ Stereotypes of the elderly and patronizing speech. ” . In Interpersonal communication in older adulthood: Interdisciplinary theory and research , Edited by: Hummert , M. L. , Wiemann , J. M. and Nussbaum , J. F. 162 – 184 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hummert , M. L. , Garstka , T. A. , Shaner , J. L. and Strahm , S. 1994 . Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle‐aged and elderly adults. . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 49 : 240 – 249 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hummert , M. L. and Shaner , J. L. 1994 . Patronizing speech to the elderly as a function of stereotyping. . Communication Studies , 45 : 145 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Kayser , S. 1996 . Aeltere Menschen als Zielgruppe der Werbung. Daten und Forschungsdergebnisse zu einer aktiv gebliebenen Generation. . Media Perspektiven , 6 : 301 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , S. 1994 . Elderspeak: Speech accommodation to older adults. . Aging and Cognition , 1 : 17 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerschner , P. A. and Hart , K. C. 1984 . “ The aged user and technology. ” . In Communications technology and the elderly‐Issues and forecasts , Edited by: Dunkle , R. E. , Haug , M. R. and Rosenberg , M. 145 – 144 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kite , M. E. and Johnson , B. T. 1988 . Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta‐analysis. . Psychology and Aging , 3 : 233 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krappmann , L. and Lepenies , A. 1997 . Alt und Jung: Spannung und Solidaritaet zwischen den Generationen. , Frankfurt/Main : Campus .
   Google Scholar
• Kruse , L. and Thimm , C. 1997 . “ Das Gespraech zwischen den Generationen. ” . In Alt und Jung: Spannung und Solidaritaet zwischen den Generationen , Edited by: Krappmann , L. and Lepenies , A. 112 – 136 . Frankfurt/Main : Campus .
   Google Scholar
• Lehr , U. and Niederfranke , A. 1991 . “ Altersbilder und Altersstereotype. ” . In Gerontologie , Edited by: Oswald , W. , Wettermann , L. , Kanowski , S. , Lehr , U. and Thomae , H. 38 – 46 . Stuttgart : Kohlhammer .
   Google Scholar
• Minnemann , E. 1989 . “ Die Bedeutung von Technik fuer das Kompetenzerleben aelterer Menschen. ” . In Kompetenz im Alter. Beitraege zur III. Gerontologischen Woche Heidelberg 1988 , Edited by: Rott , C. and Oswald , F. 271 – 285 . Vaduz : Liechtenstein Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Neubauer , M. , Hub , I. and Thimm , C. 1994 . Transkribieren mit LATEX: Transkriptionsregeln, Eingabeverfahren und Auswertungsmoeglichkeiten. , Arbeiten aus dem Sonderforschungsbereich 245 “Sprache und Situation”, Nr. 76 Heidelberg : Psychologisches Institut der Universitaet .
   Google Scholar
• Ng , S. H. , Liu , J. H. , Weatherall , A. and Loong , C. S. F. 1997 . Younger adults’ communication experiences and contact with elders and peers . Human Communication Research , 24 : 82 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noller , P. 1993 . Gender and emotional communication in marriage: Different cultures or differential social power? . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 12 : 132 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Rott , C. 1989 . “ Einstellung aelterer Menschen zur Technik. ” . In Kompetenz im Alter. Beitraege zur III. Gerontologischen Woche Heidelberg 1988 , Edited by: Rott , C. and Oswald , F. 230 – 244 . Vaduz : Liechtenstein Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , E. B. and Capadano , H. L. 1978 . Age perceptions and evaluative reactions toward adult speaker. . Journal of Gerontology , 33 : 98 – 102 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan , E. B. , Giles , H. , Bartolucci , G. and Henwood , K. 1986 . Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly. . Language and Communication , 6 : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , E. B. , Hummert , M. L. and Boich , L. H. 1995 . Communication predicaments of aging. Patronizing behavior toward older adults. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 14 : 144 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachweh , S. “so frau adams, guck mal, ein feines bak‐spray. gut?”. Charakteristische Merkmale der Kommunikation zwischen Pflegepersonal und Bewohnerlnnen in einem Altenpflege heim. ” . In Sprache und Kommunikation im Alter. , Edited by: Fiehler , R. and Thimm , C. Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Schnieders , G. “ Diskursive Manifestationen von Erwartungen an Alte und Alter. ” . In Sprache und Kommunikation im Alter. , Edited by: Fiehler , R. and Thimm , C. Opladen : Westdeutscher Verlag . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Thimm , C. 1995 . “ Intergruppenkommunikation, soziales Vorurteil und konversationale Implikaturen: Alt und Jung im Dialog. ” . In Implikaturen: Grammatische und pragmatische Analysen. Linguistische Arbeiten, Bd. 343 , Edited by: Liedtke , F. 187 – 208 . Tuebingen : Niemeyer .
   Google Scholar
• Thimm , C. 1996 . Sprache und Kommunikation im Alter: Plaedoyer fuer eine Gerontologische Linguistik. . Sprachreport , 1 : 3 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Thimm , C. “ Die sprachliche Symbolisierung des Alters in der Werbung. ” . In Die umworbene Gesellschaft. , Edited by: Jaeckel , M. Wiesbaden : Westdeutscher Verlag . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , W. 1972 . Untersuchungen ueber Altersstereotypien anhand der modifizierten Skala “Attitudes toward old people” von Tuckman und Lorge. , University of Duesseldorf . Unpublished medical dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Tuckman , J. and Lorge , I. 1952 . Attitudes toward old people. . Journal of Social Psychology , 53 : 249 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Ueltzhoeffer , J. 1992 . Aeltere im Spiegel der Gesellschaft. Wandel von Selbstbildern und Lebensstilen, neue Ansprache in der Werbung. . Forum Demographie und Politik , Mai : 50 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A. 1996 . Young people's evaluations of intergenerational versus peer underaccommodation: Sometimes older is better? . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 15 : 291 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar