Lincoln and Douglas meet the abolitionist David Walker as prisoners debate slavery: Empowering education, applied communication, and social justice

References

• 1995 . Alabama to make prisoners break rocks . The New York Times , July 29 : A5
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. 1996 . “ Ethnography as advocacy: Enabling the voices of women prisoners. ” . In Advocacy in the classroom: Problems and possibilities , Edited by: Spacks , P. 408 – 421 . New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Aronowitz , S. and Giroux , H. 1993 . Education still under siege , (2nd ed.) , Westport, CT : Bergin & Garvey .
   Google Scholar
• Aronowitz , S. and Giroux , H. 1991 . Postmodern education: Politics, culture, and social criticism. , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bari , A. 1993 . Political repression in Indiana: The M.C.C. prototype. . Prison News Service , 40 : 3
   Google Scholar
• Bari , A. 1994a . If not us, who? If not now, when? . Prison News Service , 46 : 16 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Bari , A. 1994b . If not us, who? If not now, when? Part two. . Prison News Service , 47 : 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , C. , ed. 1994 . The subversive imagination: Artists, society, and social responsibility. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Benekos , P. and Merlo , A. 1995 . Three strikes and you're out! The political sentencing game. . Federal Probation , 59 : 3 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Bercovitch , S. 1993 . The rites of assent: Transformations in the symbolic construction of America. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bernts , T. , d'Anjou , L. and Houtman , D. 1992 . Citizenship and social justice. . Social Justice Research , 5 : 195 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Bertram , E. , Blachman , M. , Sharpe , K. and Andreas , P. 1996 . Drug war politics: The price of denial. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bragg , R. 1995 . Chain gangs to return to roads of Alabama. . The New York Times , March 26 : A9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branham , R. 1995 . “I was gone on debating”: Malcolm X's prison debates and public confrontations. . Argumentation and Advocacy , 31 : 117 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Brenkert , G. 1991 . Political freedom. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , W. 1992 . Culture and AIDS education: Reaching high‐risk heterosexuals in Asian‐American communities. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 20 : 275 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1989 . Special report: Recidivism of prisoners released in 1983. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1993a . Jail inmates 1992. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1993b . Prisoners in 1992. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1993c . National crime victimization survey report: Criminal victimization 1992. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1996 . Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1995. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1997a . Prison and jail inmates at midyear 1996. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Justice Statistics . 1997b . Lifetime likelihood of going to state or federal prison. , Washington, DC : Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Butterfield , F. 1995a . Prison‐building binge in CA casts shadow on higher education. . The New York Times , April 12 : A11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butterfield , F. 1995b . Major crimes fall for third year, but experts don't see trend. . The New York Times , May 23 : C19
   Google Scholar
• Cheatwood , D. 1988 . The impact of the prison environment on the incarcerated learner. . Journal of Correctional Education , 39 : 184 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , G. 1995 . Democracy in the workplace: Theory and practice from the perspective of communication. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 23 : 167 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Christie , N. 1993 . Crime control as industry: Towards gulags, Western style , (2nd ed.) , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M. 1988a . Towards a distinctive vocation for prison educators: Some key concerns and relevant strategies. . Journal of Correctional Education , 39 : 24 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M. 1988b . Prison education: A substantive metaphor for adult education practice. . Adult Education Quarterly , 38 : 101 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conquergood , D. 1993 . Storied worlds and the work of teaching. . Communication Education , 42 : 337 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conquergood , D. 1994 . “ Homeboys and hoods: Gang communication and cultural spaces. ” . In Group communication in context: Studies of natural groups , Edited by: Frey , L. R. 23 – 55 . Hillsdale, NT : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Conquergood , D. 1995 . “ Between rigor and relevance: Rethinking applied communication. ” . In Applied communication in the 21st century , Edited by: Cissna , K. N. 79 – 96 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Connolly , K. , McDermid , L. , Schiraldi , V. and Macallair , D. 1996 . From classrooms to cell blocks: How prison building affects higher education and African American enrollment. , San Francisco : Center on Juvenile & Criminal Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L. and Mirabella , M. B. , eds. 1990 . Left politics and the literary profession. , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. 1986 . Prisoners of the American dream: Politics and economy in the history of the US working class. , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , M. 1995 . Hell factories in the field: A prison‐industrial complex. . The Nation , February 20 : 229 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey , J. 1916 . Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• DiIulio , J. 1991 . No escape: The future of American corrections. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Duguid , S. 1988 . To inform their discretion: Prison education and empowerment. . Journal of Correctional Education , 39 : 174 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Duguid , S. 1992 . Becoming interested in other things: The impact of education in prison. . Journal of Correctional Education , 43 : 38 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Eadie , W. 1990 . Being applied: Communication research comes of age. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 18 : 1 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Eadie , W. 1994 . On having an agenda. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 22 : 81 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Elias , R. 1994 . Declaring peace on crime. . The Humanist , 54 : 7 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Erlich , R. 1995 . Workin’ for the man: Prison labor. . Covert Action Quarterly , 54 : 58 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , T. 1993 . Norms of rhetorical culture. , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Foner , P. 1968 . Business and slavery: The New York merchants and the irrepressible conflict. , New York : Russell and Russell . (Original work published 1941)
   Google Scholar
• Foster , G. 1990 . “ New York by gaslight. ” . In New York by gaslight and other urban sketches by George Foster , Edited by: Blumin , S. 70 – 197 . Berkeley : University of California Press . (Original work published 1850)
   Google Scholar
• Foucault , M. 1977 . Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison , Edited by: Sheridan , A. New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , N. 1990 . Rethinking the public sphere. . Social Text , 25 ( 26 ) : 56 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Freehling , W. 1990 . The road to disunion: Secessionists at bay, 1776–1854. , Oxford, , England : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. 1994 . Pedagogy of the oppressed , Edited by: Ramos , M. B. New York : Continuum . (Original work published 1970)
   Google Scholar
• Frey , L. R. , Pearce , W. B. , Pollock , M. A. , Artz , L. and Murphy , B. A. O. 1996 . Looking for justice in all the wrong places: On a communication approach to social justice. . Communication Studies , 47 : 110 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Galbraith , J. K. 1992 . The culture of contentment. , New York : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Genovese , E. 1961 . The political economy of slavery. , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Giroux , H. 1992 . Border crossings: Cultural workers and the politics of education. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Goldin , C. and Thomas , J. 1984 . Adult education in correctional settings: Symbol or substance? . Adult Education Quarterly , 34 : 123 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. August 3 1994 . “ Building and maintaining prisons is a growth industry. ” . In All things considered. , August 3 , Washington, DC : National Public Radio . (Reporter)
   Google Scholar
• Hamm , M. 1992 . Searching for a heartbeat: Correctional treatment and the war on drugs. . Journal of Correctional Education , 43 : 74 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. 1994 . Getting at real rehabilitation. . Nuvo , April 20 : 10
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. 1995 . Cell block grants. . In These Times , April 17 : 6 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. 1996 . Imperial ideologies: Media hysteria, racism, and the addiction to the war on drugs. . Journal of Communication , 45 (2) : 161 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. 1997 . Senator Robert Walker's 1844 letter on Texas annexation: The rhetorical “logic” of imperialism. . American Studies , 38 : 27 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. “ Prisons, profit, crime, and social control: A hermeneutic of the production of violence. ” . In Race, class, and community. , Edited by: Nagel , M. New York : Humanities Press . (in press‐a)
   Google Scholar
• Hartnett , S. “ Democracy is difficult: Merging prison pedagogy and prison‐based politics. ” . In The future of performance studies: The next millennium. , Edited by: Dailey , S. Annandale, VA : National Communication Association . (in press‐b)
   Google Scholar
• Hietala , T. 1985 . Manifest design: Anxious aggrandizement in late Jacksonian America. , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• hooks , b. 1994 . Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , D. and Holmes , S. 1994 . Experts doubt effectiveness of Crime Bill. . The New York Times , September 14 : A1 12
   Google Scholar
• Jones , C. R. 1996 . Prisoner/students invite IPJG to Lincoln/ Douglas/Walker debate. . Indianapolis Peace and Justice Newsletter , May : 3
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. 1991 . “ Mass education and the legitimation of prison higher education. ” . In Corrections and higher education monograph , Edited by: Blair , R. 7 – 11 . Richmond : Eastern Kentucky University .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , E. 1995 . Education, democracy, and public knowledge. , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , R. 1997 . Prison profiteering. . In These Times , May 12 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Kiser , G. 1987 . Disciplinary problems among inmate college students. . Federal Probation , 51 : 42 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolko , J. 1988 . Restructuring the world economy. , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Laclau , E. and Mouffe , C. 1985 . Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics. , London : Verso .
   Google Scholar
• Leps , M. C. 1992 . Apprehending the criminal: The production of deviance in nineteenth‐century discourse. , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Levasseur , R. L. 1993 . Armed and dangerous. . Prison News Service , 42 : 9
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , N. 1994 . President foresees safer U.S. . The New York Times , August 27 : A6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichtenstein , A. 1990 . The fortress economy: The economic role of the U.S. prison system. , Philadelphia : American Friends Service Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Lilly , J. R. and Knepper , P. 1993 . The corrections‐commercial complex. . Crime & Delinquency , 39 : 150 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , A. and Douglas , S. 1993 . The Lincoln‐Douglas debates: The first complete, unexpurgated text , Edited by: Holzer , H. New York : Harper Perennial .
   Google Scholar
• Lusane , C. 1994 . Congratulations! It's a crime bill. . Covert Action Quarterly , 50 : 14 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Macintyre , L. 1995 . Senate committee OKs more money than Bayh requested. . The Indianapolis Star , March 31 : B7
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , M. and Mohtar , L. 1994 . Performance and the celebration of a subaltern counterpublic. . Text and Performance Quarterly , 14 : 238 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Mauer , M. 1992 . “ Americans behind bars: A comparison of international rates of incarceration. ” . In Cages of steel: The politics of imprisonment in the U.S. , Edited by: Churchill , W. and Wall , J. J. Vander . 22 – 37 . Washington, DC : Maisonneuve Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . More inmates in the U.S. than ever before . The New York Times , September 13 : A8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morone , J. 1990 . The democratic wish: Popular participation and the limits of American government. , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . NCCD analysis finds . Corrections Digest , 25 : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Novak , D. 1978 . The wheel of servitude: Black forced labor after slavery. , Lexington : University of Kentucky Press .
   Google Scholar
• Office of the Deputy Attorney General and the Bureau of Prisons . 1994 . U.S. Department of Justice: An analysis of non‐violent drug offenders with minimal criminal histories. . The Criminal Law Reporter , 54 February 16 Text No. 8
   Google Scholar
• Parenti , C. 1996 . Making prison pay: Business finds the cheapest labor of all. . The Nation , January 29 : 11 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , L. 1994 . Crime bill may close book on inmates grants. . USA Today , April 14 : A3
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , D. and Benson , B. 1994 . The economic anatomy of a drug war: Criminal justice in the commons. , London : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , J. and Campbell , R. 1994 . Cracked coverage: Television news, the anti‐cocaine crusade, and the Reagan legacy. , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reiman , R. 1990 . The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice , (3rd ed.) , New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Rideau , W. and Wikberg , R. , eds. 1993 . Life sentences: Rage and survival behind bars. , New York : Times Books .
   Google Scholar
• Schmitz , J. , Rogers , E. , Phillips , K. and Paschal , D. 1995 . The public electronic network (PEN) and the homeless in Santa Monica. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 23 : 26 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Seibold , D. 1995 . “ Theoria and praxis: Means and ends in applied communication research. ” . In Applied communication in the 21st century , Edited by: Cissna , K. N. 23 – 38 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Sellin , J. T. 1976 . Slavery and the penal system. , New York : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , A. 1992 . Inequality reexamined. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shichor , D. 1995 . Punishment for profit: Private prisons/public concerns. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Shor , I. 1992 . Empowering education: Critical teaching for social change. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simon , R. 1992 . Teaching against the grain: Texts for a pedagogy of possibility. , New York : Bergin & Garvey .
   Google Scholar
• Spacks , P. , ed. 1997 . Advocacy in the classroom: Problems and possibilities. , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sprague , J. 1993 . Why teaching works: The transformative power of pedagogical communication. . Communication Education , 43 : 349 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strine , M. S. 1992 . Understanding “how things work”: Sexual harassment and academic culture. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 20 : 391 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Strine , M. S. 1993 . Of boundaries, borders, and contact zones: Author(iz)ing pedagogical practices. . Communication Education , 43 : 367 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. 1992 . Post‐secondary correctional education: An evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency. . Journal of Correctional Education , 43 : 132 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , J. 1994 . “ Pell Grants for prisoners. ” . In Higher education in prison: A contradiction in terms? , Edited by: Williford , M. 167 – 172 . Phoenix, AZ : American Council on Education .
   Google Scholar
• Tootoonchi , A. 1993 . College education in prisons: The inmates’ perspective. . Federal Probation , 57 : 34 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Trend , D. , ed. 1996 . Radical democracy: Identity, citizenship, and the state. , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Trotsky . 1993a . Marginalization. . Human Rights Held Hostage , 5 : 8 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Trotsky . 1993b . Open letter from Pendleton lockdown. . Prison News Service , 42 : 10
   Google Scholar
• Vermunt , R. and Tornblom , K. 1996 . Introduction: Distributive and procedural justice. . Social Justice Research , 9 : 305 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , D. 1992 . Appeal to the colored citizens of the world, but in particular, and very expressly, to those of the United States of America. , New York : Hill & Wang . (Original work published 1829)
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. J. 1971 . “ Letter of Mr. Walker, of Mississippi, relative to the annexation of Texas. ” . In Fruits of propaganda in the Tyler administration , Edited by: Merk , F. 221 – 252 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press . (Original work published 1844)
   Google Scholar
• Wartenberg , T. 1990 . The forms of power: From domination to transformation. , Philadelphia : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , K. 1995 . Time to change. . Kombat , 12 : 27
   Google Scholar
• Worth , F. 1993 . Postmodern pedagogy in the multicultural classroom: For inappropriate teachers and imperfect spectators. . Cultural Critique , 25 : 5 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright , P. 1994 . Slaves of the state. . Z Magazine , July/August : 24 – 26 .
   Google Scholar