Child and Adolescent Athletes With Diabetes

References

• Committee on Sports Medicine: American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Medicine: Health Care for Young Athletes. Evanston, Illinois, 1983
   Google Scholar
• Etzwiler DD, Franz MJ, Hollander P, et al: Learning to live with diabetes. Diabetes Center Inc, Minneapolis, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Ekblom B, Hermansen L: Cardiac output in athletes. J Appl Physiol 1968; 25:619–625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood PD, Haskell W, Klein H, et al: The distribution of plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged male runners. Metabolism 1976; 25:1249–1257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez A, Vial R, Balart L, et al: Effect of exercise and physical fitness on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1974; 20:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein LH, Wing RR: Aerobic exercise and weight. Addict Behav 1980; 5:371–388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade DS, Santiago JV, Skyler JS, et al: Intensive Insulin Therapy. Exerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1983, p 129
   Google Scholar
• Witt MF, White NH, Santiago JV: Roles of site and timing of the morning insulin injection in type I diabetes. J Pediatr 1983; 103:528–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caron D, Poussier P, Marliss EB, et al: The effect of postprandial exercise on meal-related glucose intolerance in insulin-dependent diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 1982; 5:364–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyler JS, Seigier DE, Reeves ML: Optimizing pumped insulin delivery. Diabetes Care 1982; 5:135–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooch BR, Abumrad NN, Robinson RP, et al: Exercise in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the effect of continuous insulin infusion using the subcutaneous, intravenous and intraperitoneal sites. Diabetes Care 1983; 6:122–128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiel SA, Tamborlane WV, Simonson DC, et al: Defective glucose counterreguiation after strict glycemic control of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1376–1383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch BR, Shamoon H: Defective epinephrine and growth hormone responses in type I diabetes are stimulus specific. Diabetes 1987; 36:20–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinders AE, Willekens FLA, Heere LP: Metabolic and hormonal changes in IDDM during long-distance run. Diabetes Care 1988; 11:1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drash AL: Diabetes Mellitus, in Vaughn VC, McKay RJ, Behvman RE, (eds): Textbook of Pediatrics, ed 11. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1979, p 1581
   Google Scholar
• Bunn HF, Shapiro R, McManus M, et al: Structural heterogeneity of human hemoglobin A due to non-enzymatic glycosylation. J Biol Chem 1979; 254:3892–3898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbay KH, Hasty K, Breslow JL, et al: Glycosylated hemoglobins and long-term blood glucose control in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1977; 44:859–864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendell M, Paulsen R, Eastberg S, et al: Clinical use and time relationship of changes in affinity measurement of glycosylated albumin and glycosylated hemoglobin. Am J Med Sci 1986; 292:11–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin TS: Glycosylated hemoglobin and albumin: evaluation of different methods in diabetic control. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984; 2201:47–51
   Google Scholar
• Campaigne BN, Landt KW, Mellies MJ, et al: The effects of physical training on blood lipid profiles in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Phys Sportsmed 1985; 13(12):83–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland TW, Swadba LA, Biggs DE, et al: Glycemic control with physical training in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Dis Child 1985; 139:307–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinman B, Zuniga-Guajardo S, Kelly D: Comparison of the acute and long-term effects of exercise on glucose control in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1984; 7:515–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallberg-Henriksson H, Gunnarsson R, Henriksson J, et al: Increased peripheral insulin sensitivity and muscle mitochondrial enzymes but unchanged blood glucose control in type I diabetics after physical training. Diabetes 1982; 31:1044–1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton R, Wilson DP, Endres RK, et al: Improved glycemic control after a supervised 8-week exercise program insulin-dependent diabetic adolescents. Diabetes Care 1987; 10:589–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbay RA, Lardy HA: Site of insulin inhibition cAMP-stimulated glycogenolysis. J Biol Chem 1984; 259:6052–6055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivisto VA, Felig P: Effects of leg exercise on insulin absorption in diabetic patients. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:79–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrannini E, Linde B, Faber O: Effect of bicycle exercise on insulin absorption and subcutaneous blood flow in the normal subject. Clin Physiol 1982; 2:59–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koivisto VA, Soman V, Conrad P, et al: Insulin binding to monocytes in trained athletes: changes in the resting state and after exercise. J Clin Invest 1979; 64:1011–1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pederson O, Beck-Neilsen H, Heding L: Increased insulin receptors after exercise in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1980; 302:886–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltin B, Houston M, Nygaard E, et al: Muscle fiber characteristics in healthy men and patients with juvenile diabetes. Diabetes 1979; 28(suppl 1):93–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olefsky JM: The insulin receptor, its role in insulin resistance of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes 1976; 25: 1154–1162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall JD, Ward GR, Sutton JR: Muscle glycogen repletion after high-intensity intermittent exercise. J Appl Physiol 1977; 42:129–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom J, Hultman E: Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: an enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature 1968; 210:309–310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer HS: Drug-induced hypoglycemia. A review based on 473 cases. Diabetes 1972; 21:955–966
   Google Scholar
• Nathan DM, Madnek SF, Delahanty L: Programming pre-exercise snacks to prevent post-exercise hypoglycemia in intensively treated insulin-dependent diabetics. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102:483–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefebvre PJ, Pirnay F, Pallikarakis N, et al: Metabolic availability of carbohydrates ingested during, before, or after muscular exercise. Diabetes Metab Rev 1986; 1: 483–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felig P: Metabolic and endocrine disorders and exercise, in Bove AA, Loventhal DT (eds): Exercise Medicine. New York, Academic Press, 1983, p 307
   Google Scholar
• Wahren J, Hagenfeldt L, Felig, P: Splanchnic and leg exchange of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids during exercise in diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 1303–1314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenfeldt L: Metabolism of free fatty acids and ketone bodies during exercise in normal and diabetic man. Diabetes 1979; 28(suppl 1):66–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborlane wv, Sherwin RS, Koivisto v, et al: Normalization of the growth hormone and catecholamine response to exercise in juvenile-onset diabetic subjects treated with a portable insulin infusion pump. Diabetes 1979; 28:785–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles HC Jr, Guest GM, Lampe J, et al: The course of juvenile diabetes treated with unmeasured diet. Diabetes 1965; 14:239–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirart J: Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications: a prospective study of 4400 patients observed between 1947 and 1973. Diabetes Care 1978; 1:168–188
   Google Scholar
• LaPorte RE, Dorman JS, Tajima N, et al: Pittsburgh insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus morbidity and mortality study: physical activity and diabetic complications. Pediatrics 1986; 78:1027–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan DE, Utterback NG, LaPuma J: Reduced erythrocyte deformability in diabetes. Diabetes 1978; 27:895–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMillan DE: Deterioration of the microcirculation in diabetes. Diabetes 1975; 24:944–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan DE: Exercise and diabetic microangiopathy. Diabetes 1979; 28(suppl 1): 103–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussman KE, Crout JR, Marble A: Failure of warning in insulin-induced hypoglycemic reactions. Diabetes 1963; 12:38–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellenberg M: Diabetic neuropathy: clinical aspects. Metabolism 1976; 25:1627–1655
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skyler JS: Diabetes and exercise: clinical implications. Diabetes Care 1979; 2:307–311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson B Jr: Activity and diabetic vitreous hemorrhages. Ophthalmology 1980; 87:173–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman D, Drash AL, Lobes LA, et al: Progressive retinopathy with improved control in diabetic dwarfism (Mauriac's syndrome). Diabetes Care 1981; 4:360–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar