5
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Role of Diet, Exercise, and Medication in Blood Lipid Management of Cardiac Patients

, MD (Cardiac Rehabilitation Series) & , PhD (Editor)
Pages 64-81 | Published online: 12 Jul 2016

References

  • Dawber TR: The Framingham Study. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1980
  • Schlant RC, Forman S, Stamler J, et al: The natural history of coronary heart disease: prognostic factors after recovery from myocardial infarction in 2,789 men. The 5-year findings of the Coronary Drug Project. Circulation 1982; 66:401–414
  • Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, et al: Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 men. Lancet 1986; 2:933–936
  • Miller GJ: Epidemiology of plasma lipoproteins and atherosclerotic disease, in Miller NE, Lewis B (eds): Lipoproteins, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease (Metabolic Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Series: vol 1), New York, Elsevier North-Holland Pub Co, 1981, pp 59–72
  • Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984; 251:351–364
  • Committee of principal investigators (1980): report on a WHO Cooperative Trial on Primary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol—mortality follow-up. Lancet 1980; 2:379–384
  • Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, et al: Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 8:1245–1255
  • Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al: Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1237–1245
  • Gordon DJ, Knoke J, Probstfield JL, et al: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease in hypercholesterolemic men: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. Circulation 1986; 74:1217–1225
  • Superko HR, Haskell WL: Cardiac rehabilitation: Time for a more intensive approach to lipid-lowering therapy. J Cardiopulmonary Rehab 1987; 7:220–233
  • Havel RJ: Approach to the patient with hyperlipidemia, in Havel RJ (ed): The Medical Clinics of North America. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1982, pp 319–334
  • Superko HR, Haskell WH: The role of exercise training in the therapy of hyperlipoproteinemia. Canliol Clin 1987; 5:285–310
  • Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease, consensus conference. JAMA 1985; 253:2080–2086
  • Goodman DS: Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:36–69
  • Superko HR, Wood PD, Haskell WL: Coronary heart disease and risk factor modification. Is there a threshold? Am J Med 1985; 78:826–838
  • Brensike JF, Levy RI, Kelsey SF, et al: Effects of therapy with cholestyramine on progression of coronary arteriosclerosis: results of the NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984; 69:313–324
  • Levy RI, Brensike JF, Epstein SE, et al: The influence of changes in lipid values induced by cholestyramine and diet on progression of coronary artery disease: results of NHLBI Type II Coronary Intervention Study. Circulation 1984; 69:325–337
  • Blankenborn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, et al: Beneficial effects of combined colestipol-niacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987; 257:3233–3240
  • Blank DW Hoeg JM, Kroll MH, et al: The method of determination must be considered in interpreting blood cholesterol levels. JAMA 1986; 256:2867–2870
  • Superko HR, Bachorik PS, Wood PD: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements. A help or hindrance in practical clinical medicine? JAMA 1986; 256:2714–2717
  • Naito HK (Chairman): Current status of blood cholesterol measurement in clinical laboratories in the United States: a report from the laboratory standardization panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Clin Chem 1988; 34:193–201
  • Laboratory Methods Committee of The Lipid Research Clinics Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in serum/plasma pairs. Clin Chem 1977; 23:60–63
  • Demacker PN, Schade RW, Jansen RT, et al: Intra-individual variation of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal humans. Atherosclerosis 1982; 45:259–266
  • Hegsted DM, Nicolosi RJ: Individual variation in serum cholesterol levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84:6259–6261
  • Conner WE, Conner SL: The dietary treatment of hyperlipidemia, in Havel RJ (ed): The Medical Clinics of North America. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1982, pp 485–518
  • Coulston AM, Hollenbeck CB, Swislocki AL, et al: Deleterious metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, sucrose-containing diets in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1987; 82:213–220
  • Keys A: Serum cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40:351–359
  • Blackburn H, Jacobs D: Sources of the diet-heart controversy: confusion over population versus individual correlations. Circulation 1984; 70:775–780
  • Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Pietinen P, et al: Effect of diet on serum lipoproteins in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1982; 307:850–855
  • Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, et al: Diet, lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Leiden Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:805–811
  • Olefsky J, Reaven GM, Farquhar JW: Effects of weight reduction on obesity. Studies of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects, editorial. J Clin Invest 1974; 53:64–76
  • Ahrens EH Jr: Obesity and coronary heart disease. New dimensions. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4:177–179
  • Haskell WL, Superko HR: Designing an exercise plan for optimal health. Fam Commun Health 1984; 7(1):72–88
  • Williams PT, Wood PD, Haskell WL et al: The effects of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. JAMA 1982; 247:2674–2679
  • Williams PT, Wood PD, Krauss RM, et al: Does weight loss cause the exercise-induced increase in plasma high density lipoproteins? Atherosclerosis 1983; 47:173–185
  • Patsch JR, Karlin JB, Scott LW, et al: Inverse relationship between blood levels of high density lipoprotein subfraction 2 and magnitude of postprandial lipemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983; 80:1449–1453
  • Wood PD, Haskell W, Klein H, et al: The distribution of plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged male runners. Metabolism 1976; 25:1249–1257
  • Superko HR, Haskell WL, Sawrey-Kibicek L, et al: The effect of solid and liquid guar gum on the reduction of plasma cholesterol in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:51–55
  • Bordia A: Effect of garlic on blood lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1981; 34:2100–2103
  • Arora RC, Arora S, Gupta RK: The long-term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease—an appraisal. Atherosclerosis 1981; 40:175–179
  • Dobson HM, Muir MM, Hume R: The effect of ascorbic acid on the seasonal variations in serum cholesterol levels. Scott Med J 1984; 29:176–182
  • Phillipson BE, Rothrock DW Conner WE, et al: Reduction of plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins by dietary fish oils in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1210–1216
  • Mehta J, Lopez LM, Wargovich T: Eicosapentaenoic acid: its relevance in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:155–159
  • Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, de Lezenne Coulander CL: The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1205–1209
  • Beta-Blocker Heart Attack Study Group: The Beta- Blocker Heart Attack Trial. JAMA 1981; 246:2073–2074
  • Lasser NL, Grandits G, Caggiula AW, et al: Effects of antihypertensive therapy on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Med 1984; 76(Suppl 2A):52–66
  • MacMahon SW, Macdonald GJ: Antihypertensive treatment and plasma lipoprotein levels. The associations in data from a population study. Am J Med 1986; 80(Suppl 2A):40–47
  • Lowenstein J: Effects of prazosin on serum lipids in patients with essential hypertension: a review of the findings presented at the Satellite Symposium on coronary heart disease: hypertension and other risk factors, Milan, 1983. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:21A–23A
  • Superko HR, Krauss RM: LDL and HDL particle subclass differences in CHD patients treated with selective and nonselective beta blocking medications. Read before the Eighth International Symposium on Athersclerosis, Rome, October 1988
  • Levy RI, Leren P. Selection of initial antihypertensive therapy: new perspectives on coronary heart disease risk factors provide new insights. Introduction. Am J Med 1986; 80(Suppl 2A):1–2
  • Kaplan NM, Lowenstein J (eds): First-line therapy for hypertension: changing directions. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:1–58
  • Stason WB, Pauly MV (eds): Contemporary considerations in the treatment of hypertension. Am J Med 1986; 81(Suppl 6C):1–52
  • Gotto AM: Recommendations for treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults. Circulation 1984; 69:1065A–1090A
  • Tikkanen MJ, Nikkila EA: Current pharmacologic treatment of elevated serum cholesterol. Circulation 1987; 76:529–533
  • Krasno LR, Brown BW Kidera GJ, et al: Long term administration of clofibrate in men with no known manifestations of coronary heart disease, in Proceedings of the Eighth World Congress of Cardiology, 1978, p 100
  • Rifkind B: Gemfibrozil, lipids, and coronary risk, editorial. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1279–1281
  • Rodney G, Uhlendorf P, Maxwell RE: The hypolipidaemic effect of gemfibrozil (CI-719) in laboratory animals. Proc R Soc Med 1976; 69(Suppl 2):6–10
  • Kissebah AH, Adams PA, Wynn V: Lipokinetic studies with gemfibrozil (CI-719). Proc R Soc Med 1976; 69(Suppl 2):94–97
  • Brown WV, Dujovne CA, Farquhar JW, et al: Effects of fenofibrate on plasma lipids. Double-blind, multicenter study in patients with type IIA or IIB hyperlipidemia. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6:670–678
  • Alberts AW, Chen J, Kuron G, et al: Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77:3957–3961
  • Lovastatin Study Group II: Therapeutic response to lovastatin (Mevinolin) in nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. A multicenter study. JAMA 1986; 256:2829–2834
  • Illingworth DR: Mevinolin plus colestipol in therapy for severe heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101:598–604
  • Moncloa F: Worldwide clinical experience with lovastatin/simvastatin, in Grundy SM, Beam AG (eds): The Role of Cholesterol in Atherosclerosis: New Therapeutic Opportunities, Philadelphia, Hanley & Belfus Inc, 1988, pp 55–64
  • Hotz W: Nicotinic acid and its derivatives: a short survey. Adv Lipid Res 1983; 20:195–217
  • Knopp RH, Ginsberg J, Albers JJ, et al: Contrasting effects of unmodified and time-release forms of niacin on lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic subjects: clues to mechanism of action of niacin. Metabolism 1985; 34: 642–650
  • Naruszewicz M, Carew TE, Pittman RC, et al: A novel mechanism by which probucol lowers low density lipoprotein levels demonstrated in the LDL receptor-deficient rabbit. J Lipid Res 1984; 25:1206–1213
  • Parthasarathy S, Young SG, Witztum J, et al: Probucol inhibits oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein. J Clin Invest 1986; 77:641–644
  • Yamamoto A, Matsuzawa Y, Kishino B, et al: Effects of probucol on homozygous cases of familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1983; 48:157–166
  • Jones DB, Simpson HC, Slaughter P, et al: A comparison of cholestyramine and probucol in the treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1984; 53:1–7
  • Dujovne CA, Chernoff SB, Krehbiel P, et al: Low-dose colestipol plus probucol for hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53:1514–1518
  • McCaughan D. Nine years of treatment with probucol. Artery 1982; 10:56–70
  • Romics L, Littmann L, Laszlo Z, et al: The effects of probucol on QT/QS2 relation and systolic time intervals. International J Card 1988; 19:303–308
  • Hoeg JM, Gregg RE, Brewer HB Jr. An approach to the management of hyperlipoproteinemia. JAMA 1986; 255:512–521
  • Superko HR, Wood PD, Desmond D: Plasma cholesterol treatment attitudes of community physicians: a major problem. Presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Atherosclerosis, Melbourne, October 1985
  • Schucker B, Wittes JT, Cutler JA, et al: Change in physician perspective on cholesterol and heart disease. Results from two national surveys. JAMA 1987; 258:3521–3526
  • Genest J, Sniderman A, Cianflone K, et al: Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia. Plasma lipoprotein responses to oral fat load. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6:297–304
  • Dahlen GH, Guyton JR, Attar M, et al: Association of levels of lipoprotein Lp(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography. Circulation 1986; 74:758–765
  • Greff RE, Zech LA, Schaefer EJ, et al: Apolipoprotein E metabolism in normolipoproteinemic human subjects. J Lipid Res 1984; 25:1167–1176

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.